Urinalysis - The Carter Center
Urinalysis - The Carter Center
Urinalysis - The Carter Center
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Contents<br />
iii<br />
Preface<br />
Aknowledgements<br />
Content<br />
List of tables<br />
List of figures<br />
Abrevations<br />
Introduction<br />
i<br />
ii<br />
iii<br />
v<br />
vi<br />
vii<br />
viii<br />
CHAPTER ONE<br />
Anatomy and Physiology of the Kidney 1<br />
1.1 Anatomy of the Kidney 3<br />
1.2 Physiology of the Kidney & Formation of Urine 3<br />
1.3 <strong>The</strong> Composition of Urine 4<br />
1.4 Factors affecting the composition of urine 4<br />
1.5 Renal clearance and renal threshold 5<br />
CHAPTER TWO<br />
Collection and Preservation of Urine Specimen<br />
2.1 Collection of urine specimen 9<br />
2.2 Preservation of urine specimen 13<br />
2.3 Types of Examination in Routine <strong>Urinalysis</strong> 16<br />
CHAPTER THREE<br />
Physical Examination of urine 18<br />
3.1 Volume 18<br />
3.2 Odor 20<br />
3.3 Foam 21<br />
3.4 Color 22<br />
3.5 Appearance (Transparency ) 25<br />
3.6 pH 27<br />
3.7 Specific Gravity of urine 31
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