Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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1.1 Anatomy of the Kidney 3 The kidneys are two bean shaped organs located under the lowermost part of the ribs in the posterior abdominal cavity. Each human kidney weighs 150 gms and measures 1x2x3 inches (thickness, width, and length). A coronal section of the kidney shows an outer reddish granular layer called renal medulla. In the renal medulla the triangular and wedge shaped structure is called renal pyramids. The tips of the pyramids found on the renal papillae at which urine is drained into cavities is called Renal Calyces. Renal Calyces drain urine into renal pelvis, then to ureter, which in turn drain to bladder and then through the urethra is voided out. The gross anatomy of the kidney is shown in Figure 1.2. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron (Figure 1. 3). There are approximately one million nephrons in each kidney. Each nephron consists of a glomerulus, which is essentially filtering system, and a tubule through which the filtered liquid passes. Each glomerulus consists of a network of capillaries surrounded by a membrane called Bowman's ( Glomerular ) Capsule, which continues on to form Bowman's Space and the beginning of the renal tubule. The afferent arteriole, which carries blood from the renal artery into the glomerulus divides to form a capillary network. These capillaries re-unite to form the efferent arteriole, through which blood leaves the glomerulus. The blood vessels thus follow the course of the tubule, forming a surrounding capillary network. The tubular portion of each nephron has several distinct structural and functional segments. The uppermost portion, which continuous with the glomerulus, is the proximal convoluted tubule, followed by the thin walled segment and the distal convoluted tubule respectively. The descending limb of the proximal tubule (the thin-walled segment) and the distal tubule form a loop known as the Loop of Henle. The distal convoluted tubules from several nephrons drain into a
4 collecting tubule. A number of these collecting tubules form the collecting duct. The collecting ducts then join together to form the papillary ducts. The latter empty at the tips of the papillae into the calyces, which in turn drain into the renal pelvis. Figure 1.3 The Structural and Functional Segments of the Nephron
Page 1 and 2: LECTURE NOTES For Medical Laborator
Page 3 and 4: Preface i Books on Medical history
Page 5 and 6: Contents iii Preface Aknowledgement
Page 7 and 8: v List of Table Table 1 Methods of
Page 9 and 10: Abbreviations vii ADH : Antidiureti
Page 11 and 12: ix This lecture note is prepared fo
Page 13: Components of the renal system are
Page 17 and 18: - Electrolytes - Cast parasites and
Page 19 and 20: Exercise 1. 8 Answer the Following
Page 21 and 22: 10 plastic tube with a plastic snap
Page 23 and 24: 12 24- Hour specimen - a specimen o
Page 25 and 26: • Distruction of glucose by bacte
Page 27 and 28: 16 2.3 Type of Examination in Routi
Page 29 and 30: 18 CHAPTER THREE Physical Examinati
Page 31 and 32: • Myxedema • Some type of tubul
Page 33 and 34: metabolic conditions, the color and
Page 35 and 36: - By letting it to stand for more t
Page 37 and 38: • Degree of cloudiness of the uri
Page 39 and 40: - Look for color change of red litm
Page 41 and 42: tubules of the nephron, depending o
Page 43 and 44: Specimen: It should be the first ur
Page 45 and 46: gravity is elevated because of the
Page 47 and 48: 36 Exercises Say True or False 1. U
Page 49 and 50: 38 constituents of urine. 4.1 Deter
Page 51 and 52: 40 Causes of Glycosuria • Physiol
Page 53 and 54: specimen and the results are graded
Page 55 and 56: unnecessary.The reaction for clinit
Page 57 and 58: 46 The overall reaction is : Glucos
Page 59 and 60: 2. Dip part of the tape into the ur
Page 61 and 62: metabolism or absorption, the body
Page 63 and 64: 4. If acetone or acetoacetate is pr
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immediately. For this reason, Gerha
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contains only traces of protein, in
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It requires large volumes ( 0.5 to
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due to urates, uric acid urea and b
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62 Preparation of Acetic Acid Reage
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urine contains more than 100mg/dl p
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cell disease (hepatocellular diseas
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68 1. Icotest Tablet Test The Ictot
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characteristic color with the other
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72 Sensitivity Urobilistix detects
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Hemoglobinuria may occur with sever
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Since all these tests are based on
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peroxidase activity) catalyzes the
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80 4.9 Determination of Nitrite Int
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The pink color is therefore related
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- Pancreatic insufficiency. - Intes
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86 A. Ferric Chloride Test Principl
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88 CHAPTER FIVE Microscopic Examina
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• If it is difficult to deliver w
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92 5.3 Urinary Sediments Classifica
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Red blood cells are some what round
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EPITHELIAL CELLS • Normally few e
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98 CASTS • Formed by precipitatio
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100 c. Waxy Casts (Renal Failure Ca
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102 • Always the condenser should
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104 • Large, measuring 275-399 x
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106 Report of the Result The bacter
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108 Some drug crystals in the urine
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110 - Have various tiny squarish, b
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112 - Size is about 20 μm. - Often
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114 They can be confirmed by logos
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116 Nucleus Cytoplasm Squameous epi
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118 Reagent No.5 Bleach for Preserv
Page 131 and 132:
120 Reagent No.16 Saturated Sodium
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122 III. Table 4: Correct and Incor
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124 Glomeurlar Filtration Rate: The
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126 Urinometer: A small glass instr
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Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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