Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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CHAPTER FOUR
Chemical Analysis Of Urine
Introduction
Chemical analysis of urine is an important procedure, which is
impotant in the detection of many diseases. Urine contains normal
chemical compositions. But in abnormal ( pathological ) conditions its
composition varies in kind and quantities. So the chemical changes
of urine can indicate disease at the early stage. The composition
of urine varies because it is the principal route for soluble waste
material from body metabolism. Its composiotion therefore depends
greatly on how much and what specific waste material is to be
excreted. Urea, creatinine, uric acid, ammonium salts, chlorides,
sulphates and phosphates of sodium, potassium, calcium and
magnesiumn are the normal composition of urine. They are excreted
through the urine as a final body metabolism. Glucose, protein,
ketone bodies, bilirubin , bile salts etc. are the abnormal constituents
of urine. Normaly these substances do not appear in the urine in
detectable amount . So their appearance in the urine shows the
pathological condition. For example, glucose does not appear in the
urine in detectable amount . But during diabetes mellitus it appears in
the urine. Protein also appears in the urine during renal disease.
Generally the chemical examination of urine helps to investigate the
health condition of individual.
Objective:
Give basic knowledge to the students on how to perform chemical tests
and show the various types of method used to determine the chemical