Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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13 The best method is properly collected ‘clean catch’ urine, which is collected as follows : a. The genital area should be cleaned with soap and water and rinsed well. This is to keep off bacteria on the skin from contaminating the urine specimen. b. The patient should urinate a small amount and this is discarded. c. The urine that comes next, the mid-stream specimen, should be collected into a sterile container of 30 to 50 ml. d. After obtaining the specimen the patient continues to urinate and this is discarded. Sources of Errors in the Collection of Urine 1. Bacteriologically or chemically contaminated specimen. 2. Wrong type/amount of preservative. 3. Partial loss of specimen or inclusion of two-morning specimen in the 24 hr collection. 4. Inadequate mixing of specimen before examination. 5. Careless measuring of the 24 hr volume. 2.2 Preservation of Urine Specimen Urine should be examined immeditely as much as possible after it is passed, because some urinary components are unstable. If urine specimen can not be examined immediately, it must be refrigerated or preserved by using different chemical presevatives. The maximum time that urinary contents to be maintained in urine specimen is one hour.Long standing of urine at room temperature can cause : • Growth of bacteia • Break down of urea to ammonia by bacteria leading to an increase in the pH of the urine and this may cause the precipitation of calcium and phosphates. • Oxidation of urobilingen to urobilin.
• Distruction of glucose by bacteria. • Lysis of RBCs, WBCs and casts. 14 Method of Preservation of Urine Specimen a. Physical Method - Refrigeration - Freezing b. Chemical Method • Use of chemical preservatives such as : - Thymol - Toluene - Formaldehyde - Hydrochloric acid ( HCl) - Chloroform - Boric acid - Chlorhexidine - Sodium carbonate
Page 1 and 2: LECTURE NOTES For Medical Laborator
Page 3 and 4: Preface i Books on Medical history
Page 5 and 6: Contents iii Preface Aknowledgement
Page 7 and 8: v List of Table Table 1 Methods of
Page 9 and 10: Abbreviations vii ADH : Antidiureti
Page 11 and 12: ix This lecture note is prepared fo
Page 13 and 14: Components of the renal system are
Page 15 and 16: 4 collecting tubule. A number of th
Page 17 and 18: - Electrolytes - Cast parasites and
Page 19 and 20: Exercise 1. 8 Answer the Following
Page 21 and 22: 10 plastic tube with a plastic snap
Page 23: 12 24- Hour specimen - a specimen o
Page 27 and 28: 16 2.3 Type of Examination in Routi
Page 29 and 30: 18 CHAPTER THREE Physical Examinati
Page 31 and 32: • Myxedema • Some type of tubul
Page 33 and 34: metabolic conditions, the color and
Page 35 and 36: - By letting it to stand for more t
Page 37 and 38: • Degree of cloudiness of the uri
Page 39 and 40: - Look for color change of red litm
Page 41 and 42: tubules of the nephron, depending o
Page 43 and 44: Specimen: It should be the first ur
Page 45 and 46: gravity is elevated because of the
Page 47 and 48: 36 Exercises Say True or False 1. U
Page 49 and 50: 38 constituents of urine. 4.1 Deter
Page 51 and 52: 40 Causes of Glycosuria • Physiol
Page 53 and 54: specimen and the results are graded
Page 55 and 56: unnecessary.The reaction for clinit
Page 57 and 58: 46 The overall reaction is : Glucos
Page 59 and 60: 2. Dip part of the tape into the ur
Page 61 and 62: metabolism or absorption, the body
Page 63 and 64: 4. If acetone or acetoacetate is pr
Page 65 and 66: immediately. For this reason, Gerha
Page 67 and 68: contains only traces of protein, in
Page 69 and 70: It requires large volumes ( 0.5 to
Page 71 and 72: due to urates, uric acid urea and b
Page 73 and 74: 62 Preparation of Acetic Acid Reage
Page 75 and 76:
urine contains more than 100mg/dl p
Page 77 and 78:
cell disease (hepatocellular diseas
Page 79 and 80:
68 1. Icotest Tablet Test The Ictot
Page 81 and 82:
characteristic color with the other
Page 83 and 84:
72 Sensitivity Urobilistix detects
Page 85 and 86:
Hemoglobinuria may occur with sever
Page 87 and 88:
Since all these tests are based on
Page 89 and 90:
peroxidase activity) catalyzes the
Page 91 and 92:
80 4.9 Determination of Nitrite Int
Page 93 and 94:
The pink color is therefore related
Page 95 and 96:
- Pancreatic insufficiency. - Intes
Page 97 and 98:
86 A. Ferric Chloride Test Principl
Page 99 and 100:
88 CHAPTER FIVE Microscopic Examina
Page 101 and 102:
• If it is difficult to deliver w
Page 103 and 104:
92 5.3 Urinary Sediments Classifica
Page 105 and 106:
Red blood cells are some what round
Page 107 and 108:
EPITHELIAL CELLS • Normally few e
Page 109 and 110:
98 CASTS • Formed by precipitatio
Page 111 and 112:
100 c. Waxy Casts (Renal Failure Ca
Page 113 and 114:
102 • Always the condenser should
Page 115 and 116:
104 • Large, measuring 275-399 x
Page 117 and 118:
106 Report of the Result The bacter
Page 119 and 120:
108 Some drug crystals in the urine
Page 121 and 122:
110 - Have various tiny squarish, b
Page 123 and 124:
112 - Size is about 20 μm. - Often
Page 125 and 126:
114 They can be confirmed by logos
Page 127 and 128:
116 Nucleus Cytoplasm Squameous epi
Page 129 and 130:
118 Reagent No.5 Bleach for Preserv
Page 131 and 132:
120 Reagent No.16 Saturated Sodium
Page 133 and 134:
122 III. Table 4: Correct and Incor
Page 135 and 136:
124 Glomeurlar Filtration Rate: The
Page 137 and 138:
126 Urinometer: A small glass instr
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Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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