Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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105 BACTERIA Bacteria are the most common cause of UTI and aerobic gram-negative bacilli, particularly, members of the enterobacteriacea, are the most dominant agents. The Gram-positives account for proportionately large number of infections in hospital inpatients. Normally, bacteria are not seen in the healthy individual’s urine. To check the presence or absence of bacteria a technician can either check for Nitrate that was formed in the urine after breakdown of nitrite into nitrate by the metabolic action of bacteria. Hence, dipstick test can give indirect clue. Or one can use urine microscopy test to check the presence of pus cells within the drop of urine or its sediment. Further the observed bacterial cell can be identified by bacteriological culture. Appearance - Bacteria that are seen in the microscopic examination of the drop of urine sample. Their shape varies with the type of bacteria observed.. - Depending on the type of bacteria they can be either motile or non motile organisms. - They can be observed when examined under less than 40 x (high power) objective of the microscope. Clinical Significance - Presence of bacteria may indicate the presence of UTI or contamination by genital or intestinal microflora. - To confirm what type of bacteria they are and whether or not they are the causes of the disease, it is important to culture them in appropriate media and perform biochemical tests for identification.
106 Report of the Result The bacteria concentration before or without performing culture and identification of the bacteria, can be reported as: • Occasional bacteria HPF • Few bacteria / HPF • Moderate bacteria / HPF • Many bacteria / HPF • Full of bacteria / HPF.
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LECTURE NOTES For Medical Laborator
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Preface i Books on Medical history
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Contents iii Preface Aknowledgement
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v List of Table Table 1 Methods of
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Abbreviations vii ADH : Antidiureti
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ix This lecture note is prepared fo
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Components of the renal system are
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4 collecting tubule. A number of th
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- Electrolytes - Cast parasites and
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Exercise 1. 8 Answer the Following
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10 plastic tube with a plastic snap
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12 24- Hour specimen - a specimen o
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• Distruction of glucose by bacte
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16 2.3 Type of Examination in Routi
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18 CHAPTER THREE Physical Examinati
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• Myxedema • Some type of tubul
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metabolic conditions, the color and
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- By letting it to stand for more t
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• Degree of cloudiness of the uri
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- Look for color change of red litm
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tubules of the nephron, depending o
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Specimen: It should be the first ur
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gravity is elevated because of the
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36 Exercises Say True or False 1. U
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38 constituents of urine. 4.1 Deter
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40 Causes of Glycosuria • Physiol
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specimen and the results are graded
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unnecessary.The reaction for clinit
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46 The overall reaction is : Glucos
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2. Dip part of the tape into the ur
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metabolism or absorption, the body
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4. If acetone or acetoacetate is pr
Page 65 and 66: immediately. For this reason, Gerha
Page 67 and 68: contains only traces of protein, in
Page 69 and 70: It requires large volumes ( 0.5 to
Page 71 and 72: due to urates, uric acid urea and b
Page 73 and 74: 62 Preparation of Acetic Acid Reage
Page 75 and 76: urine contains more than 100mg/dl p
Page 77 and 78: cell disease (hepatocellular diseas
Page 79 and 80: 68 1. Icotest Tablet Test The Ictot
Page 81 and 82: characteristic color with the other
Page 83 and 84: 72 Sensitivity Urobilistix detects
Page 85 and 86: Hemoglobinuria may occur with sever
Page 87 and 88: Since all these tests are based on
Page 89 and 90: peroxidase activity) catalyzes the
Page 91 and 92: 80 4.9 Determination of Nitrite Int
Page 93 and 94: The pink color is therefore related
Page 95 and 96: - Pancreatic insufficiency. - Intes
Page 97 and 98: 86 A. Ferric Chloride Test Principl
Page 99 and 100: 88 CHAPTER FIVE Microscopic Examina
Page 101 and 102: • If it is difficult to deliver w
Page 103 and 104: 92 5.3 Urinary Sediments Classifica
Page 105 and 106: Red blood cells are some what round
Page 107 and 108: EPITHELIAL CELLS • Normally few e
Page 109 and 110: 98 CASTS • Formed by precipitatio
Page 111 and 112: 100 c. Waxy Casts (Renal Failure Ca
Page 113 and 114: 102 • Always the condenser should
Page 115: 104 • Large, measuring 275-399 x
Page 119 and 120: 108 Some drug crystals in the urine
Page 121 and 122: 110 - Have various tiny squarish, b
Page 123 and 124: 112 - Size is about 20 μm. - Often
Page 125 and 126: 114 They can be confirmed by logos
Page 127 and 128: 116 Nucleus Cytoplasm Squameous epi
Page 129 and 130: 118 Reagent No.5 Bleach for Preserv
Page 131 and 132: 120 Reagent No.16 Saturated Sodium
Page 133 and 134: 122 III. Table 4: Correct and Incor
Page 135 and 136: 124 Glomeurlar Filtration Rate: The
Page 137 and 138: 126 Urinometer: A small glass instr
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Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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