Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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Trace - Ring is just perceptible against a black background 1+ - Ring is distinct against a black background, can barely be seen when held up to the light. 2+ - Ring is very definite against light, fairly visible when viewed from above 3+ - Ring is heavy against light, distinct cloudiness when viewed from above. 4+ - Ring is thick and dense against light, opaque when viewed from above. The reading is interpreted as in the case of non-ring precipitation test. A. Robert's Test Principle The principle of this test is based on the precipitation of protein and formation of white compact ring using concentrated Nitric acid (HNO 3 ) . Procedure 1. Place 3-5 ml of clear urine in a test tube. 2. Place the tip of a 5 or 10 ml pipette containing Robert's Reagent to the bottom of the tube and allow 3 ml of the reagent to lay beneath the urine. 3. If several tests are being done, wipe off the tip of the pipette before inserting it into the next tube. 4. A white ring at the zone of contact indicates a positive test. 5. The ring must be read within 3 minutes after adding the reagent, and with the eyes on the level of the contact ring. Rings that are 1-2 mm above the zone of contact are due to mucin and nucleaoalbumin; rings 1-2 cm above the zone of contact are 59
due to urates, uric acid urea and bile, acids. These are not to be reported positive for protein. 6. Report the result according to the chart given on the above for ring tests. 7. The test may be performed by holding a test tube containing a few ml of Robert's Reagent in an inclined position and allowing the clear urine to run slowly down the side of the tube from a pipette. Preparation of Robert's Reagent (See Reagent Number 11 ) Note : If bile is present in the specimen, any colors ( red, violet, blue, or green ) will be found at the line of contact. B. Heller's Test Principle : The same as Robert`s Test Procedure 1. Perform the test as directed under Robert's test using concentrated nitric acid instead of Rober's Reagent, and read the white ring at the zone of contact in the same manner. 2. If bile is present, any colors (red, violet, blue or green) will be found at the line of contact. 3. Interfering rings listed under Robert's Test also apply to Heller's Test. Note: Heller's Test is not suitable for routine analysis of proteinuria because of the highly corrosive nature of concentrated nitric acid. Heller's Reagent: It is concentrated nitric acid. C. Sulphosalicylic Acid Test Principle This test is based on the precipitation of protein (particularly 60
Page 1 and 2:
LECTURE NOTES For Medical Laborator
Page 3 and 4:
Preface i Books on Medical history
Page 5 and 6:
Contents iii Preface Aknowledgement
Page 7 and 8:
v List of Table Table 1 Methods of
Page 9 and 10:
Abbreviations vii ADH : Antidiureti
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ix This lecture note is prepared fo
Page 13 and 14:
Components of the renal system are
Page 15 and 16:
4 collecting tubule. A number of th
Page 17 and 18:
- Electrolytes - Cast parasites and
Page 19 and 20: Exercise 1. 8 Answer the Following
Page 21 and 22: 10 plastic tube with a plastic snap
Page 23 and 24: 12 24- Hour specimen - a specimen o
Page 25 and 26: • Distruction of glucose by bacte
Page 27 and 28: 16 2.3 Type of Examination in Routi
Page 29 and 30: 18 CHAPTER THREE Physical Examinati
Page 31 and 32: • Myxedema • Some type of tubul
Page 33 and 34: metabolic conditions, the color and
Page 35 and 36: - By letting it to stand for more t
Page 37 and 38: • Degree of cloudiness of the uri
Page 39 and 40: - Look for color change of red litm
Page 41 and 42: tubules of the nephron, depending o
Page 43 and 44: Specimen: It should be the first ur
Page 45 and 46: gravity is elevated because of the
Page 47 and 48: 36 Exercises Say True or False 1. U
Page 49 and 50: 38 constituents of urine. 4.1 Deter
Page 51 and 52: 40 Causes of Glycosuria • Physiol
Page 53 and 54: specimen and the results are graded
Page 55 and 56: unnecessary.The reaction for clinit
Page 57 and 58: 46 The overall reaction is : Glucos
Page 59 and 60: 2. Dip part of the tape into the ur
Page 61 and 62: metabolism or absorption, the body
Page 63 and 64: 4. If acetone or acetoacetate is pr
Page 65 and 66: immediately. For this reason, Gerha
Page 67 and 68: contains only traces of protein, in
Page 69: It requires large volumes ( 0.5 to
Page 73 and 74: 62 Preparation of Acetic Acid Reage
Page 75 and 76: urine contains more than 100mg/dl p
Page 77 and 78: cell disease (hepatocellular diseas
Page 79 and 80: 68 1. Icotest Tablet Test The Ictot
Page 81 and 82: characteristic color with the other
Page 83 and 84: 72 Sensitivity Urobilistix detects
Page 85 and 86: Hemoglobinuria may occur with sever
Page 87 and 88: Since all these tests are based on
Page 89 and 90: peroxidase activity) catalyzes the
Page 91 and 92: 80 4.9 Determination of Nitrite Int
Page 93 and 94: The pink color is therefore related
Page 95 and 96: - Pancreatic insufficiency. - Intes
Page 97 and 98: 86 A. Ferric Chloride Test Principl
Page 99 and 100: 88 CHAPTER FIVE Microscopic Examina
Page 101 and 102: • If it is difficult to deliver w
Page 103 and 104: 92 5.3 Urinary Sediments Classifica
Page 105 and 106: Red blood cells are some what round
Page 107 and 108: EPITHELIAL CELLS • Normally few e
Page 109 and 110: 98 CASTS • Formed by precipitatio
Page 111 and 112: 100 c. Waxy Casts (Renal Failure Ca
Page 113 and 114: 102 • Always the condenser should
Page 115 and 116: 104 • Large, measuring 275-399 x
Page 117 and 118: 106 Report of the Result The bacter
Page 119 and 120: 108 Some drug crystals in the urine
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110 - Have various tiny squarish, b
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112 - Size is about 20 μm. - Often
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114 They can be confirmed by logos
Page 127 and 128:
116 Nucleus Cytoplasm Squameous epi
Page 129 and 130:
118 Reagent No.5 Bleach for Preserv
Page 131 and 132:
120 Reagent No.16 Saturated Sodium
Page 133 and 134:
122 III. Table 4: Correct and Incor
Page 135 and 136:
124 Glomeurlar Filtration Rate: The
Page 137 and 138:
126 Urinometer: A small glass instr
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Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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