Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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The color change is interpreted by comparing the reference color chart supplies with the reagent strip. pH indicator- strip is usually manufactured together with other tests for urine constituents. 29 Procedure The procedure of the test is: • Dip the reagent strip in the well mixed freshly voided urine and remove immediately. • Remove the excess urine from the strip, by taping the strip at the edge of urine container. • According to the time mentioned by the manufacturer to read the result, wait for full color development in the strip. • Then read the color change by comparing within the reference color chart and report the result. • The reference color chart value, range from 5 for acidic urine (yellow color) to 9 for alkaline urine (blue color). Glass Electrode This is a very sensitive pH measurement technique. The measurement is done by using small electronic instrument that has electronic pH value indicator and glass electrode. This instrument operates on battery or electricity. Procedure The procedure is to dip the glass rods in the freshly voided mixed urine specimen, and then look for the figure in the instrument to find out the value of pH. Clinical Significance As indicated in the chapter one, one of the functions of renal system is to regulate pH of blood i.e. keep pH of blood at 7.4 + 0.05. This is done by absorption or release of hydrogen ion, especially at distal convoluted
tubules of the nephron, depending on the pH of blood, i.e. hydrogen ion absorbed from surrounding blood capillaries of nephrone when pH is acidic (below 7.35), and release from nephron to the surrounding blood vessels when pH of blood is alkaline (above 7.45). pH measurement of urine, like other physical tests of urine, may indicate the on- going process in body, mostly about the renal system. Normal pH of urine is 5-6. * Persistent alkaline urine (pH > 6) may be caused by: • UTI • Renal failure • Vomiting • Anorexia nervosa • Alkalosis (metabolic or respiratory e.g. due to accumulation CO 2 in our body. • Alkalizing drugs i.e. during intake of drugs such as streptomycin, kanamycin etc. eg. for UTI. • It should also important to bear in mind that certain vegetables, citrus fruits, and milk products also may cause alkaline urine, which is not pathological * Persistent acid urine (pH < 6) may be caused by: • Diarrhea • Malabsorption syndromes • Diabetic ketoacidosis • Dehydration • Fever • Starvation • And also certain drugs such as – Phenacetic • Here it is important to bear in mind that high protein diet may also result in acidic urine, but this is not a pathological condition. 30
Page 1 and 2: LECTURE NOTES For Medical Laborator
Page 3 and 4: Preface i Books on Medical history
Page 5 and 6: Contents iii Preface Aknowledgement
Page 7 and 8: v List of Table Table 1 Methods of
Page 9 and 10: Abbreviations vii ADH : Antidiureti
Page 11 and 12: ix This lecture note is prepared fo
Page 13 and 14: Components of the renal system are
Page 15 and 16: 4 collecting tubule. A number of th
Page 17 and 18: - Electrolytes - Cast parasites and
Page 19 and 20: Exercise 1. 8 Answer the Following
Page 21 and 22: 10 plastic tube with a plastic snap
Page 23 and 24: 12 24- Hour specimen - a specimen o
Page 25 and 26: • Distruction of glucose by bacte
Page 27 and 28: 16 2.3 Type of Examination in Routi
Page 29 and 30: 18 CHAPTER THREE Physical Examinati
Page 31 and 32: • Myxedema • Some type of tubul
Page 33 and 34: metabolic conditions, the color and
Page 35 and 36: - By letting it to stand for more t
Page 37 and 38: • Degree of cloudiness of the uri
Page 39: - Look for color change of red litm
Page 43 and 44: Specimen: It should be the first ur
Page 45 and 46: gravity is elevated because of the
Page 47 and 48: 36 Exercises Say True or False 1. U
Page 49 and 50: 38 constituents of urine. 4.1 Deter
Page 51 and 52: 40 Causes of Glycosuria • Physiol
Page 53 and 54: specimen and the results are graded
Page 55 and 56: unnecessary.The reaction for clinit
Page 57 and 58: 46 The overall reaction is : Glucos
Page 59 and 60: 2. Dip part of the tape into the ur
Page 61 and 62: metabolism or absorption, the body
Page 63 and 64: 4. If acetone or acetoacetate is pr
Page 65 and 66: immediately. For this reason, Gerha
Page 67 and 68: contains only traces of protein, in
Page 69 and 70: It requires large volumes ( 0.5 to
Page 71 and 72: due to urates, uric acid urea and b
Page 73 and 74: 62 Preparation of Acetic Acid Reage
Page 75 and 76: urine contains more than 100mg/dl p
Page 77 and 78: cell disease (hepatocellular diseas
Page 79 and 80: 68 1. Icotest Tablet Test The Ictot
Page 81 and 82: characteristic color with the other
Page 83 and 84: 72 Sensitivity Urobilistix detects
Page 85 and 86: Hemoglobinuria may occur with sever
Page 87 and 88: Since all these tests are based on
Page 89 and 90: peroxidase activity) catalyzes the
Page 91 and 92:
80 4.9 Determination of Nitrite Int
Page 93 and 94:
The pink color is therefore related
Page 95 and 96:
- Pancreatic insufficiency. - Intes
Page 97 and 98:
86 A. Ferric Chloride Test Principl
Page 99 and 100:
88 CHAPTER FIVE Microscopic Examina
Page 101 and 102:
• If it is difficult to deliver w
Page 103 and 104:
92 5.3 Urinary Sediments Classifica
Page 105 and 106:
Red blood cells are some what round
Page 107 and 108:
EPITHELIAL CELLS • Normally few e
Page 109 and 110:
98 CASTS • Formed by precipitatio
Page 111 and 112:
100 c. Waxy Casts (Renal Failure Ca
Page 113 and 114:
102 • Always the condenser should
Page 115 and 116:
104 • Large, measuring 275-399 x
Page 117 and 118:
106 Report of the Result The bacter
Page 119 and 120:
108 Some drug crystals in the urine
Page 121 and 122:
110 - Have various tiny squarish, b
Page 123 and 124:
112 - Size is about 20 μm. - Often
Page 125 and 126:
114 They can be confirmed by logos
Page 127 and 128:
116 Nucleus Cytoplasm Squameous epi
Page 129 and 130:
118 Reagent No.5 Bleach for Preserv
Page 131 and 132:
120 Reagent No.16 Saturated Sodium
Page 133 and 134:
122 III. Table 4: Correct and Incor
Page 135 and 136:
124 Glomeurlar Filtration Rate: The
Page 137 and 138:
126 Urinometer: A small glass instr
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Urinalysis - The Carter Center

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