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Entropy and Information \ Energy 2€\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \' \ L\ \ \ \ \ \ \, \ ' ' 1 \ \ ' \ h r &T Figure 8. The contribution of the vacancies to the free energy of a crystal is a function of the temperature. continuous increase of the information, contained in the genetic code. It had sometimes been argued that life contradicts the laws of thermodynamics and that a special quantity - entelechy - is necessary to characterize living organisms. It is remarkable that Ludwig Boltzmann had already speculated about this point and was firmly convinced that the laws of thermodynamics applied to living matter in the same way as to any other matter. Living systems are usually in thermal equilibrium with their surroundings. In contrast to the systems considered before, they are 'open systems' maintaining a continuous stream of matter and energy. This metabolism can maintain and even increase the information content of a system. In order to study how information is copied in living systems we consider a piece of RNA. This molecule plays an important role in the form of the transfer-RNA in every living cell and is one of the oldest information carrying molecules (figure 10). It is well-known that the RNA has the form of a phosphate-sugar-chain, each segment containing one of the four bases A(denine), U(racil), C(ytosine) and G(uanine). Hydrogen bonds can connect the base pairs A and U on the one hand and G and C on the other hand, since only these fit one another geometrically. If one inserts these strands of RNA into a solution containing free monomers, i.e. single chain segments with bases A, U, G and C, these segments arrange themselves into a complementary strand of the original molecule due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between corresponding base pairs (figure 10). After polymerization, i.e. formation of covalent bonds between adjacent segments, this second strand can then be separated from the original RNA and can itself become 53
New Trends in Physics Teaching IV m 0 19 I 18 c- 17 rc 1 6 LI1 e 15 C ' 1 4 \ q m '3 L 0 12 d1-I 1 1 Aluminium 1 0 400 450 500 550 600 650 Te m p e r at u re/OC Figure 9. The contribution of thevacancies to the thermal expansion. This contribution is measured by determining the difference between the thermal expansion nL/L and the relative change of the lattice parameter aula. Complementary Array of Monomers ( before Polymerisation to a "Mirror" Strand) Original RNA- Strand Figure 10. When a RNA-molecule is copied without the help of enzymes, a number of 'thermal errors' will occur. 54
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I New trends in physics teaching Vo
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New trends in biology teaching Vol.
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Preface The worldwide exchange of i
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Contents Part I Energy: the Backgro
Page 9 and 10: Part I Energy: the Background and t
Page 11 and 12: New Trends in Physics Teaching IV W
Page 13 and 14: New Trends in Physics Teaching IV E
Page 15 and 16: New Trends in Physics Teaching IV A
Page 17 and 18: I New Trends in Physics Teaching IV
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Page 41 and 42: New Trends in Physics Teaching IV a
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Page 49 and 50: New Trends in Physics Teaching IV s
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Page 79 and 80: Energy teaching in schools Introduc
Page 81 and 82: Japan The teaching of energy in Jap
Page 83 and 84: Japan not teach energy concept dire
Page 85 and 86: Japan Amount of heat generated rela
Page 87 and 88: Japan ing of basic concepts, fundam
Page 89 and 90: Japan The teaching in this area is
Page 91 and 92: Methodology Japan There are several
Page 93 and 94: 7. Measuring the amount of solar en
Page 95 and 96: India The teaching of energy in Ind
Page 97 and 98: India It is difficult to visualize
Page 99 and 100: 1979 Solar energy air A model of a
Page 101 and 102: India age group 6 to 11, classes I
Page 103 and 104: Qatar decision to include a study o
Page 105 and 106: Qatar 5. 6. 7. Coal and oil are the
Page 107 and 108: Qatar Grade 8: Theme: ‘The use an
Page 109 and 110: Qatar The grade 11 physics programm
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USSR electric oscillations ends wit
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Hungary with a wide range of natura
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Hungary between two bodies only. Bu
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Hungary follows that the field itse
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Hungary explore rigid bodies and me
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REFERENCES Hungary 1. HABER-SCHAIM,
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Italy This approach proved interest
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Italy ENERGY PROBLEM: TO-DAY'S ISSU
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Italy equivalent or t.0.e.) are def
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An obvious question arises: why did
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knowledge of electromagnetism to th
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Naturally not all the particles are
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Senegal Reflection on current trend
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Senegal heat is interpreted as the
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The planning and developing of an i
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Brazil Criteria for the assessment
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Brazil water and ice is a system wh
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Brazil (heat) would still be conser
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Brazil Consider a further instance.
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Brazil An isolated system is an abs
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United States LEVELS AND TACTICS En
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United States The private sector sp
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United States The progression shown
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Packet production United States PEE
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United States energy situation. The
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United States Energy has two powerf
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Introductory statistical physics In
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Introductory statistical physics dp
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Introductory statistical physics on
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Introductory statistical physics Co
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Use of the Einstein solid Introduct
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Introductory statistical physics Ex
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Introductory statistical physics fo
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Introductory statistical physics TA
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~~ Exponential atmosphere Boltzmann
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Introductory st at ist ical physics
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Children’s ideas about light Chil
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Childrens’ ideas about light some
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Childrens’ ideas about light Figu
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Childrens’ ideas about light Figu
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Childrens’ ideas about light We w
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Childrens’ ideas about light conn
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Childrens’ ideas about light ‘l
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Colour Colour R.D. EDGE. Colour, li
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Colour of three primary colours nec
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Colour 400 500 600 700 Wavelength/
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Colour a, ; 0 E c \ L U Is) c - a,
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Colour 200 150 (I] U C ; 1 0 0 E m
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Colour Perceptually, if our environ
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Colour mentary colours as for the p
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Colour Difference Colour The abilit
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Colour Also shown on the same figur
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Colour screen, that taken through a
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Colour I 120 Noon Summer Sunlight 5
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y move in the direc value of the wa
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Surface Reflection Colour The surfa
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Colour index of 1.4, it is flexible
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Colour - Light Incident + From Iris
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Colour C 0 L 3 a, z E L U J Q e, J
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Colour illumination appears colourl
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Optics regained Optics regained C.A
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Optics regained human beings since
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Optics regained of energy, or the s
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Optics regained Consider an ordinar
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Optics regained Consider any two po
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Optics regained Figure 5 is a much
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Optics regained Highly coherent lig
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Optics regained revealing individua
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Optics regained the brightest sourc
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Optics regained is not taken, and o
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Optics regained image ifmis-interpr
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Optics regained 4. HUYGENS, C. Trai
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A case study of science teacher edu
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Teacher education: a case study 2.
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Teacher education: a case study alr
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Teacher education: a case study mor
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Teacher education: a case study thr
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Teacher education: a case study Whe
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Teacher education: a case study The
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Teacher education: a case study CON
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Teacher education: a dilemma where
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Teacher education: a dilemma ELEMEN
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Teacher education: a dilemma if phy
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Teacher education: a dilemma emerge
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Teacher education: a dilemma These
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Teacher education: a dilemma 11. CO
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Teacher education: solar energy cou
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Teacher education: solar energy cou
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Teacher education: solar energy nee
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Teacher education: solar energy the
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Teacher education: solar energy A P
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Teacher education: solar energy A W
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Teacher education: solar energy Sol
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Micro-computers as laboratory instr
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Microcomputers in the laboratory an
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A solar cooker How to construct a s
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A solar cooker PREPARATION AND SUBS
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A solar cooker c. Fill the box in (
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A solar cooker Let the reflector fa
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String and tape experiments String
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~ ~ String and tape experiments It
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String and tape experiments Since g
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Dropping a string of marbles String
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String and tape experiments Tape ar
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String and tape experiments + marbl
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String and tape experiments A I Fig
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String and tape experiments In an o
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String and tape experiments Pulse-
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String and tape experiments We can
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String and tape experiments Now, co
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String and tape experiments So far,
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String and tape experiments Current
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String and tape experiments For a l
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String and tape experiments the oth
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String and tape experiments CONCLUS
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Introduction Although school curric
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Science in society array of bubblin
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Science in society ASE’s ‘Scien
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, HEALTH EDUCA
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I Physics in society Physics in soc
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Physics in society consequent long
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Physics in society furthermore, stu
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Physics in society TABLE 5. What di
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Physics in society APPENDIX Detaile
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Appropriate technology The visible
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Political Alternative Technology Ap
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Appropriate technoIogy Project work
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Contributors Albert A. BARTLETT, Un
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