Status of medicinal and aromatic plants in - Inia

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PRESENTED PAPERS 103 % 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1 4 5 6 11 12 22 23 Accessions in situ ex situ Fig. 6. Flavonoid content in the herb of Hypericum perforatum in in situ and ex situ conditions. 0.25 0.2 % 0.15 0.1 0.05 in situ ex situ 0 1 4 5 6 11 12 22 23 Accessions Fig. 7. Essential oil content in the herb of Hypericum perforatum in in situ and ex situ conditions. MAP cultivation and trade It is difficult to present exact data on the acreage and production volume of MAPs in Poland owing to the increasing number of new Polish private enterprises involved in MAP production and the activity of many foreign firms on this market. The most important MAP raw materials collected from natural sites are (in descending order of tonnage of purchased raw material): Urtica dioica (leaves) > Hypericum perforatum (herb) > Tilia cordata (inflorescences) > Frangula alnus (bark) > Sambucus nigra (fruits) > Rosa canina (fruits) > Equisetum arvense (herb) > Betula verrucosa (leaves) > Solidago virgaurea > Quercus robur (bark) > Salix purpurea (bark) > Aesculus hippocastanum (bark) > Pinus sylvestris (buds) > Agropyron repens (rhizomes) > Taraxacum officinale (roots) > Potentilla erecta (rhizomes) > Juniperus communis (fruits) > Crataegus oxyacantha (fruits) > Sambucus nigra (flowers) > Helichrysum arenarium (inflorescences).
104 WORKING GROUP ON MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS: FIRST MEETING Nowadays, MAPs in Poland are cultivated on an area of ca. 20 000 ha. The main cultivated species are (in descending order of acreage and tonnage of purchased raw material): Oenothera sp. (seeds) > Carum carvi (fruits) > Silybum marianum (fruits) > Mentha piperita (leaves) > Chamomilla recutita (inflorescences) > Origanum majorana (herb) > Valeriana officinalis (roots) > Thymus vulgaris (herb) > Melissa officinalis (herb) > Coriandrum sativum (fruits) > Borago officinalis (seeds) > Cynara scolymus (herb) > Althaea officinalis (roots) > Archangelica officinalis (roots) > Levisticum officinale (roots) > Salvia officinalis (leaves) > Echinacea purpurea (herb and roots) > Ribes nigrum (seeds) > Ruta graveolens (herb) > Plantago lanceolata (leaves). The main MAP raw materials exported by Poland are: Carum carvi (fruits) > Oenothera sp. (seeds) > Valeriana officinalis (roots) > Mentha piperita (leaves) > Thymus vulgaris (herb) > Chamomilla recutita (inflorescences) > Potentilla erecta (rhizomes) > Hypericum perforatum (herb) > Borago officinalis (seeds) > Tilia cordata (inflorescences). The cultivation of MAPs in "ecological farms" (practicing organic farming) in Poland started in the beginning of the 1990s. Unlike that of agricultural and animal organic production, the increase in organic MAPs' acreage is relatively slow. Organic MAP production is currently concentrated mainly in southeastern Poland. Seven major MAP species are cultivated in 80 organic farms (Table 4) and about 15 other MAP species are cultivated on smaller areas. Table 4. Major MAP species cultivated in organic farms in Poland Species Cultivated area (ha) Oenothera sp. 25 Borago officinalis 5 Valeriana officinalis 3 Thymus vulgaris 3 Nigella sativa 3 Mentha piperita 2 Ribes nigrum (leaves) 5 In 2001, 10 t of Rubus idaeus leaves and 6 t of Urtica dioica leaves were collected from natural sites as raw materials. In a few major Polish cities (e.g. Warsaw, Kraków, Poznań and Gdańsk) about 20 shops specialized in organic food offer MAP products originating both from Poland and from abroad. Such products are also sold in chosen grocers’ shops, under the special control of the Polish Ecological Club in the town of Gliwice. There are about 2500 herbal medicines, estimated at 200 million US$ per year, on the Polish market. These include simple medicinal forms (e.g. dried herbs, herb mixtures, granulates), more processed forms (e.g. tablets, capsules, dragees) and half-finished products for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industry (extracts and essences). For the production of extracts about 4000 t of raw materials of wild-growing plants and about 8000 t of cultivated plants are used, most frequently Hypericum perforatum, Urtica dioica, Valeriana officinalis, Betula verrucosa, Cynara scolymus, Chamomilla recutita, Silybum marianum, Equisetum arvense and Thymus vulgaris. Herbal medicines are used mostly against disorders of the digestive tract and as tonics and strengtheners. Among Polish plant preparations the most popular are Sylimarol, Raphacholin C and Tussipect (Lutomski 1999).
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ISBN 92-9043-633-6 Cover photos: co
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Status of medicinal and aromatic plants in - Inia

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