Status of medicinal and aromatic plants in - Inia

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PRESENTED PAPERS 21 The origin of medicinal plants in Central Europe – an ecological approach Ernst Schneider PhytoConsulting, Marklkofen, Germany When discussing medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), different points of view can be adopted. The genetic science deals with collecting plants and describing the different origins of plant genetic resources, while the pharmaceutical science only considers quality parameters such as identity, purity and the contents of active ingredients. Scientists in the pharmaceutical industry are under pressure from the marketing departments, striving to obtain higher contents, better quality and a distinguishable product. But all are dependent on the agronomist as primary supplier, who is only looking for highest yield. When discussing MAP genetic resources these different opinions should be considered. And, most importantly, the optimal ecological conditions for plant growth must be known. Worldwide origin To learn about the most important medicinal plants used in Europe, some statistics and a look at the origin of medicinal plants in the pharmacopoeia are necessary. Some figures for the market in medicinal plants used in Germany are given in Table 1. In recent decades the number of medicinal plants in use has decreased and the demand in terms of quantity has increased. Table 1. Number of species used and amounts of medicinal plants imported in Germany Year No. of species Amount (t) References Medicinal plants used in Germany 1985 Plants used by one company 400 pers. comm. 1986 BGA Aufruf Nr.16 1986 - medicinal plants in use 708 BGA 1986 1994 Commission E monographs - evaluated 188 Blumenthal 1998 1993 List of traditional plants 193 BGA 1993 2001 Traditional herbal medicinal products 1045 Gaedcke 2003 2001 Deutsches Arzneibuch Stand - plant monographs 75 Gaedcke 2003 2001 European Pharmacopoeia plant monographs 71 Gaedcke 2003 Importation data 1979 Amount of herbs imported into Germany 27900 Lange 1997 1994 Amount of herbs imported into Germany 43900 Lange 1997 BGA = Bundesgesundheitsamt The worldwide origin of the medicinal plants used in Europe is illustrated in Fig. 1. Most of the species used have their origin in the holarctic region of Eurasia and North America and in the palaeotropic region of Africa. Examples will be presented from the alpine area of Central Europe, from certain valleys in southern Europe, from tropical West Africa and from the arid zones of Southern Africa.
22 WORKING GROUP ON MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS: FIRST MEETING HOLARCTIS PharmEur 38 DAB 44 PALAEOTROPIS PharmEur 11 DAB 6 NEOTROPIS PharmEur 9 DAB 3 AUSTRALIS PharmEur 1 DAB 1 CAPENSIS PharmEur 1 ANTARCTIS Fig. 1. Floristic regions of the world with the number of medicinal plants used in the pharmacopoeia originating in the different regions (PharmEur = European pharmacopoeia; DAB = German pharmacopoeia). Ecology of medicinal plants The ecological parameters influence not only plant growth but also the physiological conditions and in parallel the quality of medicinal properties. • Vegetation ecology Most plants are adapted to growing in a wide variety of ecosystems, but some are dependent on the particular conditions of their vegetation unit. The first example is that of the willow species (Salix spp.) providing "green aspirin". The quality is described in the European Pharmacopoeia and only a few species contain the high content of salicin required. A special problem with these species is the production of high yield. According to distribution maps of the most important species, Salix purpurea L. and S. daphnoides Vill. in Central Europe, the first is fairly equally distributed and the latter is found only alongside alpine rivers. Samples with a high salicin content have to be selected from collections along transects through the gallery forests of alpine rivers. Not only is the high content important but also suitability to cultivation. A very good breed of Salix eventually failed because of roe deer foraging leading to destruction of the cultivated crop. Another example of a famous medicinal plant dependent on very special conditions of its vegetation unit is Spanish arnica (Arnica montana L. subsp. atlantica) that only grows in Galicia, northern Spain. Because of its special chemical composition and lower allergenic potency the Spanish origin is preferred. The species is under threat in its natural habitat because of changing ecological conditions. Decades of wild crafting were not harmful to the species but the improvement of the marshy meadows along the typical rias valleys preferred by the plant caused disappearance of the species.
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ISBN 92-9043-633-6 Cover photos: co
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Status of medicinal and aromatic plants in - Inia

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