Status of medicinal and aromatic plants in - Inia

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PRESENTED PAPERS 131 makes Serbia a country with very high floristic diversity and density per unit area compared to other European countries. All plant species are included in 141 families and 766 genera. In addition to its position in the Balkans, Serbia also occupies the southeastern part of the Pannonian plain in the Vojvodina region. It is thus divided into two distinct geographical and orographic entities which are, though separated by the rivers Sava and Danube, interconnected by lowland hilly peripannonian Serbia. These basic geographical and landscape entities have determined the characteristics of the Serbian flora and vegetation, as well as the differences between the plants distributed in these two micro-regions of Serbia. Montenegro covers a territory of 13 812 km 2 . A total of 3136 plant taxa (2920 species with 216 subspecies) have been recorded (Stevanović et al. 1995) belonging to 804 genera and 151 families. The floristic richness of Montenegro can be explained by various causes, including geography (presence of coasts and mountains), historical and other factors. According to the total plant species number per territory size (LogS/LogA), Yugoslavia ranks fifth among European countries, Serbia eighth and Montenegro first. Considering the vegetation diversity of Yugoslavia, over 600 individual plant communities have been identified, including forests (deciduous and coniferous), steppes, Mediterranean vegetation, meadows, pastures, vegetation of sand dunes and saline soils, swamps, alpine tundra, etc. MAP diversity is also quite high. More than 700 species are considered as medicinal (Sarić 1989), which accounts for 17.29% of the total flora. Among those, 420 plant species are officially registered (10.75% of the total flora), while 279 are to be found in Serbian markets. Medicinal plants of Yugoslavia encompass 89 families, of which the following should be quoted: Lamiaceae (41 species), Asteraceae (40), Apiaceae (20), Ranunculaceae (19), Scrophulariaceae (17), Malvaceae (15), Rosaceae (15), Brassicaceae (10), Polygonaceae (10), etc. Significance of natural resources Meadows and forests are the main resources of indigenous medicinal and aromatic plants. A recent analysis of MAP distribution in Serbian forests (Obratov et al. 2002) showed that in oak communities (ass. Quercetum frainetto-cerris, the most common forest community of Serbia), a total of 123 plant species have been identified, including 53 medicinal plants. Some of the most important medicinal plants in oak forests are the following: Achillea millefolium, Acer tataricum, Ajuga reptans, Campanula glomerata, Crataegus monogyna, Cornus sanguinea, Euphorbia cyparissias, Filipendula hexapetalla, Sorbus aucuparia, etc. At higher altitudes, above the oak zone, beech forests (ass. Fagetum montanum) are well developed. This association is present on two parent rocks: limestone and silicate. Different plant species are found on different types of parent rock. On limestone 45 medicinal plants were identified, of which 4 are recommended for exploitation: Veronica officinalis, Tamus communis, Clematis vitalba and Corylus avellana. On silicate parent rock 15 different medicinal plants were identified, of which two are of greater significance: Calamintha officinalis and Asarum europaeum. The approximate total number of medicinal plant species present in Serbia is 400, with 122 medicinal plants in beech forests (about 30%). Meadows and pastures of Serbia have not been sufficiently utilized, although they have great potential for cattle breeding. The total area covered by grasslands in Serbia is about 1.65 million ha. They are widespread in very diverse ecological conditions, occurring at different altitudes and on various forms of relief, soil type, climate, etc. Therefore, meadow vegetation comprises many plant communities differing in floristic structure, stability and type of succession. Besides agriculture, they may serve as a main source for medicinal plant exploitation and as a natural genebank of various populations suitable for further cultivation and selection.
132 WORKING GROUP ON MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS: FIRST MEETING The majority of medicinal plants grow spontaneously in meadows, sometimes forming very abundant groups. Intensive utilization of medicinal plants has led to a diminution of many plant populations and even disappearance of some species. More than 200 MAPs growing in the meadows and pastures of Serbia were classified into 136 genera of 49 families with a predominance of hemicryptophytes (65.91%) and geophytes (10.23%) (Dajić et al. 2000). The participation of MAPs in the entire floristic spectrum of the best developed meadow/pasture communities of hilly-mountainous regions in Serbia ranges from 21.7% to less than 50% (Dajić et al. 2000) (Fig. 1). 50 40 30 % 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Fig 1. Participation of medicinal flora in different hilly meadow communities (%). 1. Agrostietum vulgaris 9. Chrysopogonetum pannonicum 2. Asperuleto-Agrostietum vulgaris 10. Danthonietum calycinae 3. Agrostio-Festucetum valesiaceae 11. Cynosuretum cristati 4. Festucetum valesiaceae 12. Inulo salicinae-Calamagrostietum epigeio 5. Rhinantho-Festucetum valesiaceae 13. Artemisio-Salvietum officinalis 6. Festuco-Chrysopogonetum grylli 14. Brometum erecti 7. Thymo-Chrysopogonetum grylli 15. Koelerietum montanae 8. Chrysopogonetum grylli Regarding the potential of MAP utilization in Yugoslavia, it should be stressed that except hilly-mountainous region of Yugoslavia, which are rich in various types of forests and meadows, very important MAP resources are found in the northern lowland part of Serbia (Vojvodina) and the coastal region of Montenegro. The area of Vojvodina is very suitable for MAP production because of its favourable environmental conditions (climate and soil). The commonest cultivated MAPs in this region are: chamomile, dill, mint, sweet marjoram, parsley, tarragon, marshmallow, celery, valerian, lemon balm, poppy, sage, black mustard, coriander, thyme, etc.; a significant number of wild MAPs has been also registered (Kišgeci and Sekulović 2000). In Montenegro, collecting and processing of MAPs is a long tradition. Among wild MAPs, many of which belong to the Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean floristic element, the following could be stressed: sage (Salvia officinalis), lavender (Lavandula vera), thyme (Thymus sp.), absinthe (Artemisia absinthium), xeranthemum (Helichrysum arenarium), oleander (Nerium oleander), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), olive (Olea europea), jasmine (Jasminum officinalis), seaside onion (Scilla maritima), pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) and many others (especially members of the Labiatae).
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Status of medicinal and aromatic plants in - Inia

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