Status of medicinal and aromatic plants in - Inia

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PRESENTED PAPERS 49 - Region 2 The development of special regions for utilization of indigenous plant flora was obvious in the north-central mountainous region of Hungary (Fig. 1) since the beginning of the 20 th century. In the production areas of Rosa spp., Sambucus nigra, Prunus spinosa, Crataegus spp., etc., buying arrangements and centralized processing facilities were installed. Examples of centres of MAP production in the northern part of Hungary include Balassagyarmat, Pásztó, Veresegyháza and other towns and villages. • Specialization of cultivation areas In the development of the specialized cultivation areas for MAPs, beside traditional and accidental elements the ecological and economical considerations became ever more important. - Region 3 The region for lavender cultivation (Lavandula angustifolia and L. intermedia) was created in the 1930s mostly based on ecological considerations. Suitable ecological conditions had to be chosen for the cultivation of species of Mediterranean origin (Németh 1996). Plantations were established on the southern slopes of the Tihany Peninsula and in the neighbouring territories (Balatonakali, Daránypuszta, etc.) where the ecological conditions show some similarity to the Mediterranean. The importance of lavender plantations has decreased in recent decades; however a relict of the first plantation still exists in the Tihany Peninsula. - Region 4 Both ecological and economical considerations led to specialization in marjoram (Origanum majoranna) and basil (Ocimum basilicum) cultivation in the region. The climate of Region 4, situated in the southern part of Hungary, is relatively warm and receives appropriate sunshine. Its climate meets the ecological requirements of species of Mediterranean and subtropical origin. From an economical point of view, this area is also known as a major cultivation area for red pepper. The drying and postharvest processing of red pepper and medicinal and aromatic plant/spices are very similar. This means that the available technology and processing facilities located in the region can be utilized for both plant groups. - Region 5 The introduction of the cultivation of ergot (Claviceps purpurea) in this area was motivated by both ecological and economical considerations. From the wide-ranging cultivation areas of the host plant (Secale cereale), a special area possessing suitable ecological conditions for the development of fungi had to be chosen. As a result of compromise the southwestern slopes of Bakony Mountain were selected for the purpose. The cultivation area has since been equipped with valuable cultivation and postharvest technological tools. - Region 6 The cultivation of poppy (Papaver somniferum) has a great tradition in Hungary owing to its wide-scale use as both an important food plant and a source of oil and industrial raw material. Its large-scale cultivation is organized and controlled by the pharmaceutical factory "Alkaloida". The poppy cultivation region can be divided into two sub-regions. The cultivation of spring-sown varieties is concentrated in the Great Plain of Hungary and some parts of the northwestern regions of the country (Region 6a), while autumn-sown varieties, because of their susceptibility to winter damage, are situated in the western part of Hungary (Region 6b) where winters are usually much milder and snow covers the fields more frequently.
50 WORKING GROUP ON MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS: FIRST MEETING • Species cultivated and collected country-wide - Region 7 Several MAP species can be cultivated and/or collected in Hungary without much restriction. Such cultivated species include members of the Apiaceae family (Foeniculum vulgare, Carum carvi, Anethum graveolens, Coriandrum sativum, Pimpinella anisum, etc.), mustard (Sinapis and Brassica spp.), Silybum marianum, Cucurbita spp., and among collected plants, examples include Sambucus nigra, Rosa canina, Equisetum arvense, Crataegus spp., etc. Preservation of Hungarian MAP production potential and biodiversity Even today, a considerable proportion of the medicinal and aromatic plant drugs produced and sold by the Hungarian MAP sector comes from indigenous sources. This exploitation of natural plant populations without scientific analysis and control may reduce the productivity of natural plant populations and the biodiversity of the Hungarian flora. The analysis of the Hungarian situation shows that the ratio of MAPs is high among the 400-plus species that are legally protected in Hungary. The reduction of the local medicinal plant spectrum is shown, however, by the fact that 17 species which were recommended for collecting on a large scale and used as herbs and extracts in 1948 and in 1961 had to be removed from the production list. The danger is more obvious if we take into consideration the list of protected species which can be used as MAPs according to various literature references (Box 2). Box 2. List of the Hungarian protected species which are used as medicinal and aromatic plants according to literature references Achillea crithmifolia Achillea ptarmica Acorus calamus Adonis vernalis Betula pubescens Colchicum arenarium Dictamnus albus Equisetum hyemale Helichrysum arenarium Helleborus purpurascens Hepatica nobilis Inula helenium Iris pumila Lycopodium clavatum Menyanthes trifoliate Nigricans Orchis morio Polygonum bistorta Primula elatior Primula vulgaris Quercus farnetto Ribes nigrum Rosa pendulina Ruscus aculeatus Vaccinium vitis-idaea Valeriana sambucifolia Alchemilla crinita Alkanna tinctoria Armoracia macrocarpa Arnica montana Carlina acaulis Gentiana asclepiadea Gentiana cruciata Gentiana pneumonanthe Globularia cordifolia Hippophae rhamnoides Hypericum elegans Hypericum maculatum Isatis tinctoria Petasites albus Peucedanum officinale Phyllitis scolopendrium Plantago maxima Polygala major Ruscus hypoglossum Scopolia carniolica Sempervivum marmoreum Sempervivum tectorum Tamus communis Taxus baccata Urtica kioviensis Vitis sylvestris
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ISBN 92-9043-633-6 Cover photos: co
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Status of medicinal and aromatic plants in - Inia

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