Status of medicinal and aromatic plants in - Inia

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PRESENTED PAPERS 37 officinalis L.), winter savory (Satureja montana L.) and Dalmatian pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trev.) Schultz Bip.). These activities have been carried out as part of two projects at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb: "Croatian Bank of Plant Genes" (main researcher: Ivan Kolak), and "Genetic variability of medicinal and aromatic plants" (main researcher: Zlatko Šatović). Characterization and evaluation of germplasm samples in plant genebanks is traditionally based on morphological traits, but recently modern conservation programmes include the analysis of genetic variability using molecular genetics techniques. Currently, molecular genetics research activities include phylogenetic studies of basils (Šatović 2002) and investigations on the genetic structure of Croatian sage populations. In collaboration with the Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, studies on the genetic variability of oregano populations have been carried out. Cultivation of MAP species According to the Croatian Bureau of Statistics (CBS 2002), MAPs are cultivated on an area of about 2000 ha (yearly average between 1997 and 2001: 2146 ha). The share of MAP production amounts only to 0.16% of the area of arable land and gardens (or 0.07% of total agricultural land). About 80% of the total cultivation area of MAPs is on family farms and the rest is owned by agricultural companies. Major cultivated MAP species are: German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert), peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), marshmallow (Althaea officinalis L.), pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). Since there are no statistical data available on the production of specific crops, it is very difficult to give a correct estimation. The dominant cultivated MAP is German chamomile. Its area of cultivation is estimated to amount to more than 3000 ha and this is clearly in contradiction with official statistics. It is cultivated on more than 800 family farms concentrated in three Croatian counties (Virovitičko-podravska, Osječko-baranjska, and Koprivničko-križevačka). Nearly all the farmers have contracts with wholesalers who supply them with seeds and technical information and buy the harvested crop. There are three main wholesalers who buy almost the entire production (Duhanprodukt, Pitomača; Jan Spider, Pitomača; Agristar, Osijek). The average yield of dry chamomile flower is about 600 kg/ha. More than 90% of dried chamomile flowers is exported. MAP cultivation on family farms is usually a marginal activity and only a few farms specialize in MAP production. Most of the farmers produce crops on the basis of contracts with wholesalers or industry. The trade is dominated by a few wholesalers who purchase plant material from cultivators and also from collectors. There are 15 registered wholesalers dealing with MAPs. The harvested MAP material is delivered to different kinds of industries, such as the pharmaceutical, cosmetic or food industries, or exported. The main buyers of MAP material in Croatia are Pliva (Zagreb) and Frack (Zagreb). Trade figures obtained from the Croatian Chamber of Economy are based on the tariff heading "Medicinal plants and spices". Unfortunately, tariff codes do not discriminate between the wild or cultivated nature of the material. Moreover, sometimes they do not refer to actual plant species (or plant parts), but to a mixture of dried herbs that may include a number of different species. The annual volume of MAP material exported from Croatia in 2001 was 1856 t. German chamomile was the most important export commodity and it accounted for more than 60% (1207 t) of overall MAP exports. Other important species include peppermint (46 t), sage (21 t), marshmallow (12 t) and fennel (11 t). Since all these species are regularly produced in
38 WORKING GROUP ON MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS: FIRST MEETING Croatia it seems that the export is largely based on cultivated material. MAPs are exported mainly to European countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia, Slovenia, Austria, Germany, Sweden, Italy, Macedonia, etc.) and USA. However, the annual volume of MAP material imported into Croatia in 2001 amounted to 2463 t. Since 1999, Croatian MAP producers and processors are organized as the "Affiliation of Medicinal Herb Producers and Processors at the Croatian Chamber of Economy". The main aim of the Affiliation is to encourage cooperation in this sector and to strengthen links between research institutes, private companies and government agencies. The Affiliation is also involved in making regulations and legislation affecting production, processing, quality control, and trade of MAP species and products. MAP producers and processors generally agree that marketing opportunities do exist but there are many problems to be solved and increased governmental support is clearly needed. The main problems are the lack of commercially manufactured specialized machinery, lack of suitable storage and drying facilities, lack of commercially available seeds of high quality (high-yielding cultivars) and lack of knowledge on crop-specific management (especially fertilizer requirements: lack of approved herbicides/pesticides) and harvesting techniques. Specific investments are often essential to start production and the return on investment is less predictable than for traditional crops. References CBS. 2002. Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia 2001. Croatian Bureau of Statistics, Zagreb. Hiltunen, R. and Y. Holm, editors. 1999. Basil: The Genus Ocimum. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam. Karlović, K. 2002. Analiza raznolikosti bosiljka (Ocimum spp.) [Biodiversity analysis in basils (Ocimum spp.)]. MSc Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb. Nikolić, T., editor. 1994. Flora Croatica: Index Florae Croaticae Pars 1. Natura Croatica, Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Zagreb. Nikolić, T., editor. 1997. Flora Croatica: Index Florae Croaticae Pars 2. Natura Croatica, Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Zagreb. Nikolić, T., editor. 2000. Flora Croatica: Index Florae Croaticae Pars 3. Natura Croatica, Hrvatski prirodnoslovni muzej, Zagreb. Radović, J., editor. 2000. An overview of the state of biological and landscape diversity of Croatia with the protection strategy and action plans. Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical Planning, Zagreb. Šatović, Z., Z. Liber, K. Karlović and I. Kolak. 2002. Genetic relatedness among basil (Ocimum spp.) accessions using RAPD markers. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica 44:155-160. Šugar, I., editor. 1994. Crvena knjiga biljnih vrsta Republike Hrvatske [The Red Data Book of Plant Taxa of the Republic of Croatia]. Ministarstvo graditeljstva i zaštite okoliša [Ministry of Construction and Environmental Protection], Zagreb.
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ISBN 92-9043-633-6 Cover photos: co
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Status of medicinal and aromatic plants in - Inia

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