Status of medicinal and aromatic plants in - Inia

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PRESENTED PAPERS 79 Ex situ conservation Conservation of MAPs in field collections is carried out at the Institute of Botany, at the Kaunas Botanical Garden of Vytautas Magnus University, and at the University of Agriculture. Target species for ex situ germplasm conservation are the following: Achillea millefolium L., Allium oleraceum L., Carum carvi L., Helichrysum arenarium L., Hypericum perforatum L., H. maculatum Cranz, Humulus lupulus L., Origanum vulgare L., Thymus pulegioides L., T. serpyllum L. and Viola tricolor L. • Helichrysum arenarium is a perennial herbaceous plant native to Europe and West Asia. It is one of the most frequently used plants in Lithuanian pharmaceutics. As gathering from the wild has threatened the populations of this species and does not satisfy the market demand, there is a need for its conservation and cultivation ex situ. H. arenarium belongs to the species of rather easy introduction and acceptable conservation in field collections. The field collection holds 10 accessions of this species. The plants of the same population showed a wide range of variation of yield-related characters such as mass of inflorescences, number and colour of flowers and plant height (Radušienė 2002). The high phenotypic variation of H. arenarium may allow selection of the most valuable accessions. • Investigations on Hypericum perforatum and H. maculatum described the variation of morphological and chemical characters in wild populations and field accessions (Bagdonaitė et al. 2000; Radušienė and Bagdonaitė 2001; Radušienė 2002). The expression of morphological diversity in wild populations and field accessions of Hypericum is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors, while chemical variability is based mainly on the genetic background. The content of flavonoids and hypericin varies greatly between species, different accessions, and parts of the plant. Significant differences were detected in the mean concentrations of quercetin, hypericin, rutin and hyperoside+isoquercetrin in flowers and leaves of both species. The flavonoid content appeared to be the most constant character in both species. The poorest growth and lowest mean concentrations of secondary metabolites were found in H. maculatum. • The oregano collection was established in the MAP field collection at the Institute of Botany. It holds 15 accessions gathered from indigenous populations and 4 from local cultivation. The results of primary evaluation on Origanum vulgare indicated a high heterogeneity within the material studied. The accessions of oregano significantly differed in all measured morphological and yield-related characters (Radušienė et al. 2002). The results of essential oil analysis show a rich composition and high variation of its compounds. Furthermore, comparison showed that the values of oil yield obtained from wild populations and field accessions were not significantly different. • The studied morphological variation of thyme resulted in the identification of 8 varieties of Thymus pulegiodes and 4 varieties of T. serpyllum in the wild (Ložienė and Vaičiunienė 1999). Introduction of 26 wild populations of thyme in the field demonstrated that the morphological differences were not stable with the change of conditions. Chemical analysis revealed a wide variability in the content and composition of essential oil of thyme. Different populations of T. serpyllum and T. pulegioides yielded from 0.25-0.11% to 0.78–1.20% of essential oil respectively (in absolute dry matter of the leaves+flowers fraction). A total of 80 constituents were identified in T. pulegioides and 75 in T. serpyllum (Ložienė et al. 2002). The chemical variability among thyme accessions was
80 WORKING GROUP ON MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS: FIRST MEETING characterized by a significant presence of 5 chemotypes in T. pulegioides (thymol, carvacrol, geraniol, linalool and α-terpenyl acetate) and 4 chemotypes in T. serpyllum (1,8-cineole, dihydrocarvone, germacrene and (Z)-β-ocimene). The chemical variability of thyme remained the same in the field and could be predetermined genetically. - In selecting Achillea millefolium accessions we tried to sample a wide range of environmental factors to obtain as many different genotypes as possible. The variation in total essential oil content in A. millefolium field accessions was high: 0.08-0.78% of dry mass in inflorescences and 0.05-0.13% in leaves. Wide variation was found in the content of proazulenes among A. millefolium populations. Some of them contain no proazulenes while others vary widely in their content of these substances. Proazulene-free and proazulene-containing individuals occurred at the same site. The quantitative variation of proazulenes in natural populations of the A. millefolium group and its relationship with abiotic factors and phytosociological releves has been examined. - Anthropogenic and technological factors have caused a decrease in Carum carvi habitats (natural meadows) and a reduction in genetic resources of this species. The field collection of caraway at the University of Agriculture holds 130 accessions, which vary in blossoming time, colour of inflorescence and amount of volatile oil. Two different forms – pasture and meadow – have been distinguished according to morphological characters (Petraitytė et al. 2001). Conclusion It seems obvious that many of the indigenous species will continue to be collected from the wild in the future, as their cultivation is often difficult due to their biological peculiarities. Different possibilities for avoiding potential dangers and existing threats to MAP species include legislation and conservation projects. MAP germplasm conservation ought to be carried out jointly with the research and plant breeding sectors. The material appeared to be phenotypically quite variable and therefore needs to be further studied, using more sophisticated methods. The germplasm of evaluated species may be a potential source of genetic variation to allow selecting valuable material for breeding. References Bagdonaitė, E., B. Zygmunt and J. Radušienė. 2001. Morphological and chemical evaluation of St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) populations in Lithuania. Herba Polonica 4:294-302. Bernáth, J. 1999. Biological and economical aspects of utilization and exploitation of wild growing medicinal plants in middle and south Europe. Pp. 31-41 in Proceedings of the Second World Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Human Welfare (WOCMAP II). Biological resources, sustainable use, conservation and ethnobotany (N. Caffini, J. Bernáth, L. Craker, A. Jatisatienr and G. Giberti, eds). Acta Hort. 500. ISHS, Leuven, The Netherlands. Hölzl, J. and E. Ostrowski. 1987. Johanniskraut (Hypericum perforatum L.) – HPLC–Analyse der wichtigsten Inhaltsstoffe und deren Variabilität in einer Population [St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) – HPLC analysis of essential compounds and their variability within a population] Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung 127:1227-1230. Ložienė, K. and J. Vaičiūnienė. 1999. Keturbriaunio čiobrelio (Thymus pulegioides L) vidurūšinė įvairovė ir augaviečių charakteristika [Intraspecific diversity of Thymus pulegioides L. and characteristics of habitats]. Botanica Lithuanica 5(1):27-40. [in Lithuanian]. Ložienė, K., R. Venskutonis and J. Vaičiūnienė. 2002. Chemical diversity of essential oil of Thymus pulegioides L. and Thymus serpyllum L. growing in Lithuania. Biologija 1 (Suppl.):62-64.
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ISBN 92-9043-633-6 Cover photos: co
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Status of medicinal and aromatic plants in - Inia

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