Status of medicinal and aromatic plants in - Inia

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PRESENTED PAPERS 91 Medicinal and aromatic plants in Finland Bertalan Galambosi Agrifood Research Finland, Environmental Research, Ecological Production, Karila, Mikkeli, Finland Despite the severity of the environmental conditions in Finland, more than 100 medicinal and culinary herbs grow wild over the entire country during the relatively short but intensive photoassimilation period (Hälvä 1988). Knowledge of the utilization of these plants varies with the species and part of the country. Quite a limited variety of natural, wild-growing herb plants have been used since the early days of Finland. Historically, collecting and cultivation of herbs have been occasionally promoted and many new species have been introduced in Finland. During the last 15 years intensive research and education programmes have been carried out to promote the production of herbs as alternative crops (Galambosi 2000). At the same time, attention has been focused on the protective management of those threatened plant species that have some practical value as medicinal plants. Legal protection of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) According to the present Finnish law, the following plant species have been assigned endangered or protected status in Finland (Table 1). The practical and commercial importance of these species as medicinal plants is variable. Table 1. Endangered and protected plant species in Finland Category Critically endangered plants (CR) Endangered species (EN) Vulnerable (VU) Near-threatened (NT) Species Pimpinella major, Rosa canina Agrimonia pilosa, Arctium nemorosum Arnica angustifolia, Asarum europaeum, Carlina vulgaris, Crataegus monogyna, Galium verum, Ononis arvensis Allium ursinum, Anchusa officinalis, Cinna latifolia, Galium odoratum, Dryopteris fragrans, Drosera intermedia, Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum Regionally threatened species - regionally threatened Agrimonia eupatoria, Arctium lappa, Convallaria majalis - regionally protected Angelica archangelica subsp. archangelica Restricted collecting Daphne mezereum, Hepatica nobilis, Hippophae rhamnoides, Juniperus communis, Primula veris Inventory of MAP natural resources at national level Medicinal plants have not been inventoried officially in Finland. According to personal communications from different experts (P. Alanko, University of Helsinki, 2001; A. Alanen, Finnish Environmental Centre, Helsinki, 2002) more attention should be paid to the following species, because their populations are decreasing in Finland: Acorus calamus, Antennaria dioica, Artemisia abrotanum, Hierochloa odorata subsp. odorata, H. odorata subsp. baltica, Pimpinella saxifraga, Isatis tinctoria, Leonorus cardiaca subsp. cardiaca, L. cardiaca subsp. villosa. Ex situ conservation In Finland there is no special ex situ conservation for medicinal herbs. During 1990-1994 the Nordic Gene Bank set up a specialist group to check the situation of MAPs in the Scandinavian countries. The group collected basic information about the most important medicinal plants used in the Nordic countries and the results have been published (Wahlin and Blixt 1994). No official activity was proposed for the protection and inventory of MAPs
92 WORKING GROUP ON MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS: FIRST MEETING at that time, but presently a project named SPIMED (SPIce and MEDicinal plants) has been started aiming to analyze more accurately the threatened status of MAPs in the Baltic and Scandinavian countries (Asdal 2001). Herb gardens and herb collections in Finland Historically herb gardens have had an important role in supplying medicinal plants and medical raw materials to pharmacies and doctors (Peldan 1967). Presently the function of herb gardens has changed: they are a tool for education and research, or serve for touristic purposes and special collections. These gardens may provide good possibilities for the maintenance and conservation of threatened or endangered medicinal plant species (Väre and Siuruainen 1994). At the moment the following herb collections exist in Finland: • Botanical gardens - Botanical garden, University of Turku 20100 Turku - Botanical garden, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki - Botanical garden, University of Oulu 90570 Oulu • Agricultural schools and private farms - Herb Garden of Lönnrot 09220 Sammatti - Kenkävero, Herb Garden 50600 Mikkeli - Tertin Kartano, Herb Garden 50600 Mikkeli - Lehtiniemen Kartano, Herb Garden 57600 Savonlinna - Luonnon Aromit, Herb farm 88670 Sotkamo - Rohto-ja yrttipuisto, Herb Collection and Garden 42100 Jämsä - Frantsila Herb Garden, Herb Collection and Garden 39100 Hämeenkyrö - Wetersin puutarha, Herb Farm, Collection 25700 Kemiö, Kila - Tuorlan koulutila, Herb Garden 1500 Piikkiö - Pukkilan kartano, Historical Herb Garden 21500 Piikkiö • Research institutes - Agrifood Research Centre, Ecological production 50600 Mikkeli Collection of wildflower medicinal plants In Finland there are about 50 wildflower medicinal plants of commercial importance (Hälvä 1988). Accurate data on the quantities of collected wildflower medicinal plants is quite difficult to obtain. Many of these plants are collected for personal consumption by thousands of families. Numerous small local herb farms produce dry tea mixtures or other products. Finally, some producers of health food products are using larger quantities for further processing/extraction. According to a recent review, only a few firms deal with commercial collection and processing of these raw materials. On the basis of a telephone interview and personal discussions, the quantity of dry wildflower medicinal plants can be estimated at about 4000-5000 kg/year (Galambosi 1996). The most important wild medicinal plants are stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) and birch leaves (Folium betulae) with 1000-5000 kg collected each year. The quantity of dry plant material of Calluna vulgaris, Juniperus berries and Achillea millefolium flowers varies from 500 to 1000 kg/year, while 100-500 kg of dried raw material of Solidago, Filipendula, Taraxacum, Epilobium and Vaccinium myrtillus leaves are collected each year. About 15 other species are collected (less than 100 kg/year per species).
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ISBN 92-9043-633-6 Cover photos: co
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Status of medicinal and aromatic plants in - Inia

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