Status of medicinal and aromatic plants in - Inia

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PRESENTED PAPERS 83 article (art. 42 of the Law of the Forests, 1997), classifying MAPs as "other forest products", regulating almost nothing. Therefore Macedonia is missing a fully comprehensive legislation regulating collecting, trade, cultivation, manufacturing, quality control, maintenance, preservation, conservation and evaluation of indigenous and introduced MAPs. Research studies show that more than 20% of the territory is of special interest regarding natural heritage, but only 6% is protected by the Law for protection of natural rarities. In situ conservation of medicinal and aromatic plants, not exactly specified as MAPs, but as part of the whole flora, can be found in the three national parks, with a total area of 108 000ha; they are regulated by the following laws: - Law for National Park "Pelister" (1948) - Law for National Park "Mavrovo" (1949) - Law for National Park "Galichica" (1958) These laws date from the Yugoslavian regime and are not in accordance with IUCN categories for protected areas but there are initiatives and efforts dedicated to changing this situation. The Macedonian legislative body has ratified the following international regulations/conventions: - Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Agenda 21 (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) ratified in 1998. So far, a National Coordinator (focal point) has been nominated and a National Committee for Biodiversity has been formed and is functioning; - Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (CCEWNH or Bern Convention, 1982) ratified in 1999. A National Coordinator (focal point) operates and a National Committee for the Bern Convention is being formed. - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (Washington, 1973) ratified in 2000; a National Coordinator (focal point) has been designated. As a permanent member of the CBD, Macedonia is liable to prepare a national biological and landscape diversity conservation strategy and an appropriate legislative background. These conventions being ratified, they are considered as laws in Macedonia. Beside these, no strategy has yet been prepared (the first phase, dealing with data evaluation, is currently underway), nor any legislative background. In the Republic of Macedonia, there is no ex situ conservation of medicinal plants, because of the lack of a national strategy in this field. Yet there are facilities at the Institute for Southern Crops in Strumica, which could easily be adapted and used for this purpose. The most common way of providing herbal raw materials is traditional collecting of medicinal plants from the wild. Organized collecting from natural resources has existed for a long time but the people involved do not always have the necessary skills. The collectors are mainly private individuals, especially villagers in the vicinity of collecting areas. In most cases collecting is done to meet a demand for certain species. Only a few companies in the Republic of Macedonia can be regarded as serious and important in this business. The most important and by far the largest pharmaceutical company which buys aromatic plants in Macedonia, and the only one to have a permanent list of required medicinal plants and eight buying stations throughout Macedonia, is "Alkaloid". In addition, 4-5 smaller companies are involved in business with MAPs, mainly packing tea-bags. From 90 to 95% of the total plant material used in the pharmaceutical industry is of wild origin, 80% being of native origin and 20% imported.
84 WORKING GROUP ON MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS: FIRST MEETING One of the greatest threats for wild medicinal flora is due to the large requirements for certain species from abroad, guided by very small companies with incompetent personnel. Likewise, the presence of Gentiana spp., of all Orchidaceae bulbs (which can be used in the production of salep), of Sideritis scardica, Sideritis syriaca, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and others, on the buying list with the most tempting prices, endanger these species. Recently, the Ministry of the Environment has regulated the export of 50 plant species from Macedonia, including many medicinal plants. Despite the very good climate and soil for cultivation, today in Macedonia the cultivation of medicinal plants on a large scale has been abandoned. Some smaller companies are trying to organize cooperative contracts with individual farmers, supplying them with raw material and seeds with an obligation to buy their herbal material. This kind of cultivation has appeared only recently; it receives no support from the government and the acreage under medicinal plants at the moment can be estimated at approximately 50 ha.
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ISBN 92-9043-633-6 Cover photos: co
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Status of medicinal and aromatic plants in - Inia

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