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Maria Bellacque-Bellar Musadik Borogovac Amra Cengic Nils Ole Christensen Ivan Zvonimir Cicak Fred Cuny Amela Curcovic Åge Eknes Brent Epp John Fawcett Stephanie Frease William Frelick Felice Gaer John Heffernan AICF, Sarajevo Journalist, Press Centre, Third World Relief Agency, Zagreb Genocide Documentation Officer, Red Cross of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Zagreb Driver, DRC, Zagreb Chairman, Helsinki Committee, Zagreb President, Intertect, Sarajevo Assistant, ICVA, Zagreb Norwegian Institute for International Affairs Field Representative, Samaritan’s Purse International Relief, Zagreb Programme Director, IRC, Sarajevo External Relations/Liaison Officer, IRC, Zagreb Senior Policy Analyst, USCR, Washington, D.C. Director, Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights, New York Country Director, IRC, Croatia 152
Arthur Helton John Hicks Lidia Himica Marcia Jacobs Nico Keulemans Wells Klein Sonja Licht Enrico Lundin Geoffrey May Jonathan Moore Michel Moussalli Per Nehler Rolf Nordengren Philip Oldham Director, Refugee Project, Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, New York IMC, Zagreb Balkan Women’s Relief Project, Zagreb Balkan Womens’ Relief Project, Zagreb Secretary for Emergencies and Rehabilitation, WCC, Geneva American Council of Nationality Services, New York Executive Director, Soros Foundation, Belgrade Swedish Rescue Services Board, Zagreb Director, CRS, Geneva Senior Associate, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C. Member, Board of Trustees, RPG, Washington, D.C. Head of Delegation to Croatia, IFRC, Zagreb Project Manager, Swedish Rescue Services Board, Zagreb Project Manager, CRS, Zagreb 153
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Occasional Paper #18 HUMANITARIAN A
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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accountable is the United Nations f
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areas within the former Yugoslavia.
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The deteriorating social situation
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IRC LWF MSF NATO NGO ODA ODPR OFDA
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xiv
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“We got our own hands dirty in th
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civilian populations beyond areas i
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European Union on November 1, 1993
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with its concern for minority popul
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U.N. put as much effort into stoppi
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No. of displaced / refugees 200,000
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How many persons were reached by U.
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the entire population of central Bo
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quantitative data to qualitative ju
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denied access to the centers where
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ing proceeded uninterrupted. In the
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also difficult. Human Rights Watch,
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UNHCR as Lead Agency UNHCR received
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primary responsibility for the wide
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wars, the terrain was more familiar
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* Joint Appeals (UNHCR, UNICEF, WHO
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teur it appointed was given more au
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port of third-country nationals bac
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followed locally. It became more di
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had two principal contacts: the gov
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national NGOs resident in Serbia an
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and military equipment to Yugoslavi
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Montenegro because the Federal Repu
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munity played a major role in polit
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CHAPTER 3: TEN CENTRAL POLICY CHALL
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homeless and lower-income pensioner
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international community,” recalle
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electricity up and running was unde
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UNICEF, charged with the survival a
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Relief and Beyond Two issues emerge
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ties away from the areas of fightin
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sons forced to flee intolerable cir
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evacuees to 30,000 bodies.” The i
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war in which human displacement was
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Based on interviews and observation
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tarian organizations did their best
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eneficiary population had been reac
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with 113 persons, including two WHO
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humanitarian access. A lot of time
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here than in any previous conflict
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fered at a “lower price” would
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Third, and perhaps the most visible
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ity and seriousness of the U.N.’s
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had to adapt to UNPROFOR rather tha
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Serbian aggressors is not effective
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some of those persons who have alre
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In a letter sent in June 1993 to th
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indirect extermination of the whole
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insisting on a presence in Serb-hel
Page 115 and 116: has exactly the same problems—lac
Page 117 and 118: Yugoslavia lends urgency to address
Page 119 and 120: town of Srebrenica.” DHA’s atte
Page 121 and 122: population at risk. The numbers wer
Page 123 and 124: tions would also have been construc
Page 125 and 126: observed, the situation was reverse
Page 127 and 128: erly preceded by interagency assess
Page 129 and 130: Local Resources Recent humanitarian
Page 131 and 132: the ground rules for dealing with t
Page 133 and 134: standably dismayed by the time pree
Page 135 and 136: 10. Assisting Civilians without Pro
Page 137 and 138: sanctions against the Federal Repub
Page 139 and 140: that the drops were a bad idea but
Page 141 and 142: CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS Several
Page 143 and 144: political, and military entities. O
Page 145 and 146: ferently. The interface between the
Page 147 and 148: takings ultimately rely. Second, we
Page 149 and 150: ANNEX 1 PERSONS INTERVIEWED * UNITE
Page 151 and 152: Stephanie Allen Early Joan Edwards
Page 153 and 154: Karen Kenny Peter Kessler Mostafa K
Page 155 and 156: Jacques Mouchet Sadako Ogata Pierre
Page 157 and 158: Serge Telle Tatjania Termacic Sonya
Page 159 and 160: Derek Boothby Shannon Boyd David Cr
Page 161 and 162: Marc van Wynsberghe Civil Affairs O
Page 163 and 164: Ann Grant Rita Hudson Zlatko Hurtic
Page 165: Martin Damery Ursula K. Eugster Car
Page 169 and 170: Jan Williamson Roger Winter John Wo
Page 171 and 172: ANNEX 2 CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR EVENTS
Page 173 and 174: the ICRC suspended relief operation
Page 175 and 176: Summer 1993. In May, fighting betwe
Page 177 and 178: ANNEX 3 TEAM MEMBERS Jeffrey Clark,
Page 179 and 180: ANNEX 4 ABOUT THE HUMANITARIANISM A
Page 181: 167
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