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carried out a case study of Operation Lifeline Sudan. Codirector with Thomas G. Weiss of the Humanitarianism and War Project and its principal researcher, he served as team leader and primary author of the current case study. Thomas G. Weiss is Associate Director of the Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies, Associate Dean of the Faculty at Brown University, and Executive Director of the Academic Council on the United Nations System. Previously he held a number of posts at the United Nations and the International Peace Academy. He has written extensively on development, peacekeeping, humanitarian relief, and international organizations. 164
ANNEX 4 ABOUT THE HUMANITARIANISM AND WAR PROJECT The Humanitarianism and War Project is a policy research initiative undertaken by the Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies of Brown University and the Refugee Policy Group of Washington, D.C. Based on analysis of recent international experience in providing protection and assistance to civilians in situations of armed conflict, the project seeks to contribute to the evolution of a more effective international humanitarian regime for the post-Cold War era. The initiative builds on the methodology of a 1990 case study of Operation Lifeline Sudan that resulted in a book and a set of recommendations for aid practitioners. At the same time, it encompasses a wider range of regional and country experience. Since its inception in 1991, the project has conducted field research in five regions: the Gulf (Iraq and neighboring countries); the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia/Eritrea, the Sudan and Somalia); Southeast Asia (Cambodia); Central America (Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala); and the Balkans. Conflicts in other areas are also being monitored. In addition to the present report, other publications in the Occasional Paper series address the issues of the project (No. 8), the Gulf crisis (No. 13), and Central America (No. 14). Two project books are available commercially: Humanitarian Action in Times of War: A Handbook for Practitioners (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1993, $8.95)—also available in Spanish and French from UNICEF in New York—and Humanitarianism Across Borders: Sustaining Civilians in Times of War (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1993, $35.00). A third volume, Qualities of Mercy: War and the Global Humanitarian Community, is scheduled for publication in 1994. A bibliography of publications to date is available from the Watson Institute, from which other Occasional Papers may also be ordered. Additional copies of this report are available at $8.95 each from the Refugee Policy Group, 1424 16th Street, NW, Suite 401, Washington, DC 20036. Single copies mailed to locations inside the U.S. (including shipping and handling) cost $11.35, and to international addresses (by air parcel post), $16.55. 165
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Occasional Paper #18 HUMANITARIAN A
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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accountable is the United Nations f
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areas within the former Yugoslavia.
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The deteriorating social situation
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IRC LWF MSF NATO NGO ODA ODPR OFDA
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xiv
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“We got our own hands dirty in th
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civilian populations beyond areas i
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European Union on November 1, 1993
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with its concern for minority popul
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U.N. put as much effort into stoppi
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No. of displaced / refugees 200,000
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How many persons were reached by U.
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the entire population of central Bo
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quantitative data to qualitative ju
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denied access to the centers where
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ing proceeded uninterrupted. In the
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also difficult. Human Rights Watch,
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UNHCR as Lead Agency UNHCR received
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primary responsibility for the wide
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wars, the terrain was more familiar
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* Joint Appeals (UNHCR, UNICEF, WHO
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teur it appointed was given more au
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port of third-country nationals bac
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followed locally. It became more di
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had two principal contacts: the gov
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national NGOs resident in Serbia an
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and military equipment to Yugoslavi
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Montenegro because the Federal Repu
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munity played a major role in polit
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CHAPTER 3: TEN CENTRAL POLICY CHALL
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homeless and lower-income pensioner
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international community,” recalle
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electricity up and running was unde
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UNICEF, charged with the survival a
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Relief and Beyond Two issues emerge
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ties away from the areas of fightin
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sons forced to flee intolerable cir
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evacuees to 30,000 bodies.” The i
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war in which human displacement was
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Based on interviews and observation
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tarian organizations did their best
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eneficiary population had been reac
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with 113 persons, including two WHO
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humanitarian access. A lot of time
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here than in any previous conflict
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fered at a “lower price” would
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Third, and perhaps the most visible
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ity and seriousness of the U.N.’s
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had to adapt to UNPROFOR rather tha
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Serbian aggressors is not effective
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some of those persons who have alre
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In a letter sent in June 1993 to th
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indirect extermination of the whole
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insisting on a presence in Serb-hel
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has exactly the same problems—lac
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Yugoslavia lends urgency to address
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town of Srebrenica.” DHA’s atte
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population at risk. The numbers wer
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tions would also have been construc
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observed, the situation was reverse
Page 127 and 128: erly preceded by interagency assess
Page 129 and 130: Local Resources Recent humanitarian
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Page 135 and 136: 10. Assisting Civilians without Pro
Page 137 and 138: sanctions against the Federal Repub
Page 139 and 140: that the drops were a bad idea but
Page 141 and 142: CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS Several
Page 143 and 144: political, and military entities. O
Page 145 and 146: ferently. The interface between the
Page 147 and 148: takings ultimately rely. Second, we
Page 149 and 150: ANNEX 1 PERSONS INTERVIEWED * UNITE
Page 151 and 152: Stephanie Allen Early Joan Edwards
Page 153 and 154: Karen Kenny Peter Kessler Mostafa K
Page 155 and 156: Jacques Mouchet Sadako Ogata Pierre
Page 157 and 158: Serge Telle Tatjania Termacic Sonya
Page 159 and 160: Derek Boothby Shannon Boyd David Cr
Page 161 and 162: Marc van Wynsberghe Civil Affairs O
Page 163 and 164: Ann Grant Rita Hudson Zlatko Hurtic
Page 165 and 166: Martin Damery Ursula K. Eugster Car
Page 167 and 168: Arthur Helton John Hicks Lidia Himi
Page 169 and 170: Jan Williamson Roger Winter John Wo
Page 171 and 172: ANNEX 2 CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR EVENTS
Page 173 and 174: the ICRC suspended relief operation
Page 175 and 176: Summer 1993. In May, fighting betwe
Page 177: ANNEX 3 TEAM MEMBERS Jeffrey Clark,
Page 181: 167
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