assessment of the socio-economic and environmental impact

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2. Reconstruction Stage This is the most crucial stage in economic and social terms, since it will lead to the full reestablishment of normal living conditions and the country’s economic and social development momentum and increase the resilience reducing the vulnerability that Hurricane Ivan made evident. This phase ought to bring about the implementation of specific projects that are matched to available resources and that can be assimilated by the different economic sectors and the country’s government and financial sector. The main aim of the reconstruction stage and the projects thereof is to effectively overcome the direct and indirect losses stemming from the disasters, while increasing the mitigation against a recurrence of the event that took place. For example, the approaches to bridges have been exposed as being vulnerable to the type of water that descended on them. Reduced vulnerability of housing, infrastructure reconstruction that improves on current exposure as evidenced by the damage suffered agricultural recovery and income-generating programmes are all part of this phase. Most importantly, on designing the reconstruction programme it will be important to take into account macroeconomic principles so as to prevent the undesirable consequences of overly ambitious reconstruction programmes that impinge on the overall economic performance or absorptive capacity. The impact of Hurricane Dean highlighted issues relating to land use and building practices and coastal roads. These issues are discussed below: Land Use. A considerable portion of the impact of Hurricane Dean resulted from inappropriate location of settlements. In particular, communities such as Portland Cottage, and Rocky Point in Clarendon and Caribbean Terrace, St. Andrew, the areas affected in Clarendon, St. Catherine, 80
Kingston, St. Thomas St. Elizabeth are below the 10 metre threshold and are therefore prone to flooding. Building Practices and Standards. Planning and design defects were contributory factors cited in the damage to housing in Rocky Point, Clarendon, Portland Cottage, Clarendon, Old Harbour, St. Catherine and White Horses, St. Thomas. In the past, building practices incorporated more mitigation measures to withstand wind and flood impact. Older buildings were likely to be built on stilts with a finish ground levels of >2ft above ground level compared with newer buildings with a finish of < 1 ft above ground level (Figure 1.7). Coastal Roads. A common feature of coastal roads in Jamaica is that they are constructed in low lying areas and are therefore prone to flooding and subsequent damage. As a consequence, roads such as Roselle and Palisadoes have been subjected to frequent. Coastal roads should be engineered with adequate height (above sea level), drainage, central slope and protective structures to minimize effects from coastal hazards. Coastal Ecosystems. Coastal ecosystems not only play an ecological role but they provide habitat for many commercial species and other marine organisms and acts as sediment traps and buffers to reduce storm surge. The coastal ecosystems are being frequently impacted by storm events. Within the last five years more than five storms have affected these ecosystems, two of which have been intense hurricanes. Hence, they have had little time to recover which makes them quite vulnerable. The continued loss of these ecosystems has increased the vulnerability of coastal areas and infrastructure and threatens one of the country’s main industries, tourism. Rehabilitative and protective measures are therefore important to preserve these ecosystems. 81
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ASSESSMENT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AN
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Executive Summary As at October 26,
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Environmental impacts of Hurricane
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PREFACE This report is prepared to
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Hurricane Dean was upgraded to a ma
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down just after 1800 UTC (1300 loca
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expected for the month of August. O
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and elderly received a special paym
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Figure1.6: Hurricane Dean Affected
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In the fishing industry, approximat
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II. SOCIAL SECTORS 1. Education Dam
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The total damage to the housing sec
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) Heritage Sites The National Herit
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Environmental Health In the area of
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Losses to the livestock sector amou
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Estimates reveal that approximately
Page 37 and 38: Table 3.4: Preliminary Estimates of
Page 39 and 40: In addition to crop loss, infrastru
Page 41 and 42: Table 3.8: Growers Summary of Damag
Page 43 and 44: Table 3.9 SCJ Damage to Physical St
Page 45 and 46: 9. The Fisheries Sector Damage with
Page 47 and 48: The preliminary estimate of the dam
Page 49 and 50: In the North Coast Resort Areas, a
Page 51 and 52: In St. Ann, some properties reporte
Page 53 and 54: The restoration of electricity was
Page 55 and 56: FIGURE 4.4: PERCENTAGE OF FEEDERS E
Page 57 and 58: Table 4.1: Allocation of estimated
Page 59 and 60: Figure 4.6: Progress of NWC Custome
Page 61 and 62: Table 4.2.: List of Facilities out
Page 63 and 64: flooded equipment left the area wit
Page 65 and 66: 3. Transport, Roads and Bridges Bot
Page 67 and 68: V. IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT 1. Gen
Page 69 and 70: - Traditional agricultural crops su
Page 71 and 72: (e.g. Sea Fan) was washed ashore al
Page 73 and 74: Habitat Loss. Both terrestrial and
Page 75 and 76: sand on other beaches such as Rolli
Page 77 and 78: VI. SUMMARY OF DAMAGE AND LOSSES AN
Page 79 and 80: for FY 2006/07 budget. Central Gove
Page 81 and 82: The performance of the economy duri
Page 83 and 84: during the final half of the year w
Page 85: VII. GUIDELINES FOR A REHABILITAION
Page 89 and 90: PROJECT TITLE: MAPPING OF COASTAL C
Page 91 and 92: PROJECT TITLE: COASTAL ECOSYSTEM ST
Page 93 and 94: PROJECT TITLE: TO REHABILITATE DRAI
Page 95 and 96: Major Components 1. Evaluation of h
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