Rotational Raman scattering in the Earth's atmosphere ... - SRON

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Summary A spectrum of sunlight that is backscattered by the Earth’s atmosphere and surface contains a wealth of information on atmospheric constituents and surface properties. For instance, one can infer the atmospheric concentration of an important trace gas like ozone from an Earth radiance spectrum. Several satellite instruments have been launched to measure Earth radiance spectra: the first and second Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME and GOME-2), the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY), and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). It is common to take the ratio of the Earth radiance spectrum and a measured solar irradiance spectrum to reveal the information on atmospheric constituents and surface properties. This ratio, which is called the reflectivity spectrum, displays how the incident solar light has been altered by its interaction with the Earth’s surface and its passage through the Earth’s atmosphere. An advantage of this ratio is that many calibration errors that are shared by the Earth radiance and solar irradiance measurement cancel out. Close examination of reflectivity spectra reveals fine structures that are caused by the Ring effect, which was discovered by Grainger and Ring in 1962. The Ring effect is observed where the solar spectrum shows lines of low intensity, the so-called Fraunhofer lines. The effect is caused by rotational Raman scattering by nitrogen and oxygen molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere. This inelastic scattering process decreases the depth of the Fraunhofer lines in an Earth radiance spectrum compared to those in an extraterrestrial solar irradiance spectrum. As a result, the reflectivity spectrum contains filling-in structures. The Ring effect is most pronounced in the ultraviolet wavelength range, where many strong Fraunhofer lines are present and where molecular scattering is important. The Ring effect often interferes with absorption features in reflectivity spectra and is therefore considered as a nuisance. However, the Ring effect can also be utilized to extract information on cloud parameters from reflectivity spectra. This is because the amount of inelastic scattering is affected by the presence of clouds. In turn, this cloud information can be used to improve trace gas retrievals for cloudy observations. At the start of this project several models were available that take the Ring effect into account to some degree. However, multiple inelastic Raman scattering and the polarization aspects of the multiple scattered light including inelastic Raman scattering needed to be investigated in more detail. This approximation in which polarization is neglected is referred to as the scalar approximation. Only the intensity I is simulated instead of the full intensity vector I = [I,Q,U,V ] T , where Q and U describe linear polarization and V describes circulair polarization. The work described in this thesis started with the development of a scalar radiative transfer model that is suited to describe multiple scattering in the Earth’s atmosphere including multiple Raman
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VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT Rotational Raman
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Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Obser
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1 Introduction 1.1 Observing skylig
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Introduction 3 Extracting the wealt
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Introduction 5 and Spurr, 1997, Vou
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Introduction 7 energy: E rot (v,J)
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Introduction 9 Figure 1.4: Probabil
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Introduction 11 scattered radiance
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Introduction 13 approximation in wh
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Introduction 15 scattering have bee
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2 A doubling-adding method to inclu
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A doubling-adding method to include
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40 Chapter 3 nm with a spectral res
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42 Chapter 3 contributions of lower
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44 Chapter 3 if we use the effectiv
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46 Chapter 3 This in turn results i
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48 Chapter 3 This may be shown in a
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50 Chapter 3 The forward and adjoin
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52 Chapter 3 Here, ∆ = diag [1, 1
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54 Chapter 3 Figure 3.3: Relative R
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56 Chapter 3 biases the simulation
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58 Chapter 3 3.4.2 Approximation me
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60 Chapter 3 where I ram,app and I
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62 Chapter 3 3.5 Simulation of pola
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64 Chapter 3 Figure 3.10: Relative
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66 Chapter 3 dependence on the vert
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68 Chapter 3 Figure 3.13: Same as F
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70 Chapter 3 3.6 Summary A vector r
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72 Chapter 3 where λ is the wavele
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74 Chapter 3 where S l is the expan
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Page 125 and 126: References Aben, I., F. Helderman,
Page 127 and 128: References 121 Ellery, A., D. Wynn-
Page 129 and 130: References 123 Lacis, A. A., J. Cho
Page 131: References 125 Schulz, F., K. Stamn
Page 135 and 136: Summary 129 Earth radiance spectrum
Page 137 and 138: Samenvatting Het door de aardatmosf
Page 139 and 140: Samenvatting 133 met een vector-mod
Page 141: List of publications Peer-reviewed
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