FIBEROPTIC SENSOR TECHNOLOGY HANDBOOK

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meters for the field tested fiberoptic long-haul telemetry system shown in Fig. 6.19 is as follows: LONG HAUL FIBEROPTIC LINR PERFORMANCE DATA PROCESSING STATION TRANSMISSION PARALLEL SENSOR ARRAY LINK ,— SYSTEM LENGTH REPEATER SPACING NUMBER OF REPEATERS Diameter Length Weight OPEIUiTING DEPTH CABLE DIAMETER CABLE STRENGTH DATA FORMAT FULL DUPLEX WAVELENGTHS HIGH BIT RATE CHANNEL Bit Error Rate (BER) Low Bit Rate Bit Error Rate (BER) 70 km 6.8 to 8 km 8 2.9 cm 30.5 cm < 400 g 1000 m 2.4mm 60 kg (0.8% Strain) Digital PCM 1 Fiber 0.83 and 1.06 pm 22 Mb/s < 10-9 43 kb/s < 10-7 2+ DEMODU- LATOR SIGNAL PROCESSOR DISPLAY i LASER OR LED \ : FIBEROPTIC RECEIVER t-1 PHOTODETECTOR [ CONNECTOR Fig. 6.20 An example of a fiberoptic sensor array multimode intensity modulated telemetry system. h The above system is the Naval Ocean Systems Center and the International Telephone and Telegraph (NOSC/ITT) Undersea Single Fiber Multirepeater Full Duplex Electrooptical Data Link, a schematic diagram of which was shown in Fig. 6.19. PROCESSING STATION TRANSMISSION LINEARSENSOR ARRAY LINK HBR RCVR LBRXMTR ) _HBR(22 MBISEC) LBR (43KBISEC)C SPACING: 8km BTWN REPEATERS Al= .83pm LASER A2=106#mLED SENSOR STRING liBRXMTR LBRRCVR EOREP1 LBR I I liBR EOREP2 - HBR(A1) ~ EOREP8 _LBR(A2) I 1 1 , t [. DEMODU LATOR SIGNAL PROCESSOR DISPLAY 8 Fig. 6.21 q J J 1 : FIBER ; COUPLERS AII example of a fiberoptic sensor array multimode intensity modulated telemetry system. Fig. 6.19 The Naval Oceans Systems Center and the International Telephone and Telegraph (NOSC/ ITT) undersea single fiber multirePeater full duplex electrooptical data link. There probably is no limit to the number of different fiberoptic sensor array system configurations that can be designed, considering the number of energization methods, types of sensors, and return telemetry methods that can be uaed. Four specific fiberoptic telemetry system and sensor array configurations are shown in Figs. 6.20 through 6.23. Specific design aspects of basic configurations will be discussed in following subsections. PROCESSING STATION c= TIMING D FIBEROPTC RECEIVER cl DEMOCY.JLATOR aSIGNAL PROCESSOR DSPLAY I TRANSMISSION LINK ELECTRICAL FOWER - FIBEROPTIC CASLE I ARRAY Fig. 6.22 An example of a fiberoptic interferornetric sensor array telemetry system. 6-10
PROCESSING STATION TRANSMISSION wAVELENGTHM ULTIPLEXED LINK ARRAY BDEMODU- LATOR SfGNAL PROCESSOR c1 OISPLAY [ i BROAD s:::~::M RECEIVER IQ FIBEROPTIC CONNECTOR Ld ;DIFFRACTION : GRATING ; ~A’& Fig. 6.23 An example of a fiberoptic diffraction grating senaor array telemetry system. n For m parallel channels with equal pulse intervals, this reduces to: RE = (m/T) log2 n. (6.17) For two condition modulation, this reduces to m/T. For a single channel, RT reduces to (l/T) log2n, and with 2 conditions, I/T, i.e., the baud rate for one channel. Each of the multiplexed fiberoptic channels can be used as an analog (voice, sound, continuous signal) or as a digital (pulse coded) channel. 6.3.2 Transmission Line Specific Parameters The construction features of a fiberoptic or electrooptic transmission line (cable) depend on many environmental factors. Some of these are as follows: 6.3 FIBEROPTIC SENSOR ARRAY TELEMETRY TRANSMIS- SION LINE PARAMETERS 6.3.1 Transmission Line General Parameters Fiberoptic array data transmission line designs include a large but manageable number of options and variables. A few of these are as follows: GENERAL FIBEROPTIC TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN PARAMETERS SIGNAL MODE Analog, digital, hybrid, discrete MODULATION SCHEME Phase, frequency, intensity, polarization, wave - length CHANNEL CAPABILITY Simplex, duplex, half-duplex, diplex, multiPlex OPERATIONAL MODE One way, one way at a time, two way simultaneous CABLE DESIGN Fibers, strength members, conductors, jacket, filling, insulation, buffering, spacing type, spacing FAIL-SAFE Redundancy, power margin, tolerance to breaks ATTENUATION Absorption, scattering, insertion loss, bit error rate (BER) DISPERSION Bit error rate (BER), distortion, signal-noise ratio RELIABILITY Failure rates, failure modes OVERALL CHANNEL SIGNALING RATE In digital systems the number of transmission lines or channels will be determined by the total data signaling rate requirements and the multiplexing schemes that are used. For example, assume many channels with different signaling rates and different digital pulsing schemes connect two stations. Then, the total data aignaling rate (capacity between the stations, or as an output capacity from one to many stations) for a group of m parallel channels in which Ti is the minimum interval in seconds between signal transitions for the i-th channel and ni is the number of significant conditions of modulation, is given by: m RT = ~ (1/Ti) log2 ni (6.16) 1=1 6-11 FIBEROPTIC CABLE DESIGN PAMMETERS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS PHYSICAL STRENGTH PARAMETERS Tensile Strength Radial Compression Strength Flex Resistance Bend Resistance Abrasion Resistance Vibration Resistance Strength Member Location Strength Member Materials ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Operating Temperature Operating Pressure Moisture/Chemical/Other Resistance OPTICAL FIBER PARAMETERS Multimode or Single Mode Glass or Plastic Refractive Index Profile Core Concentricity Cladding Outer Diameter Numerical Aperture Fiber Jacket Material Fiber Jacket Thickness Dispersion (Modal and Material Multimode vs Singlemode) Attenuation Per Unit Length Lose and Bandwidth Stability Costings on Fibers Number of Fibers Ease of Joining Size of Fibers CABLE PARAMETERS Size of Cable Bend Radii Sheathing Location of Fibers Armor Requirements ELECTRICAL FEATURES Electrical Heating Wire Size Number of Conductors Shielding h example of an electrooptic cable crosssection is shown in Fig. 6.24. The need for built-in-
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FIBEROPTIC SENSOR TECHNOLOGY HANDBO
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FOREWORD THE FIBEROPTIC SENSOR TECH
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4.2 Phase 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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CHAPTER 2 FIBEROPTIC SENSOR COMPONE
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fleeted each time it is incident on
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6=0 REFERENCE PLANE that propagate
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in the right center of Fig. 2.13. T
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The vertical height of the various
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60 40 20 10.C ~8 x z 6 n u 4 % c 62
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: 1.5 z o GeOz 0 ~ =1.49 u w > ~1.4
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tension it collapses to eliminate t
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MAXIMUM TENSILE STRENGTH (GN/m2 = l
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mately a 0.5 electron-volt increase
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I in one portion of the recombinati
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crated electron-hole paira that are
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sink fiber. Likewise angular misali
Page 35 and 36: fused together. The ends are bent a
Page 37 and 38: A laboratory beam splitter set-up u
Page 39 and 40: aged multichannel unit. High-streng
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 4 LIGHTWAVES IN FIBEROPTIC
Page 43 and 44: tor addition indefinitely, as indic
Page 45 and 46: modes. Since at point (a) the two e
Page 47 and 48: as a number of wavelengths. An expr
Page 49 and 50: 100 meters of fiber, length changes
Page 51 and 52: the aingle-sideband phaae noiae int
Page 53 and 54: sets up periodic spatial fluctuatio
Page 55 and 56: ient configuration in the lower rig
Page 57 and 58: sors or a pressure gradient sensor.
Page 59 and 60: nickel H. = 3.6 oersteds and for a
Page 61 and 62: optical source of constant intensit
Page 63 and 64: in a straight section of the fiber
Page 65 and 66: A simplified design of the cladding
Page 67 and 68: Referring once more to Fig. 5.35, i
Page 69 and 70: The path length AL traveled by ligh
Page 71 and 72: 5.4.9 Fiberoptic Rotation-Rate Sens
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Page 75 and 76: Fig. 5.60 lists several sources of
Page 77 and 78: CHAPTER 6 FIBEROPTIC SENSOR ARRAYS
Page 79 and 80: method of sensor energization will
Page 81 and 82: 1 The preceding discussion applied
Page 83 and 84: SIMPLEX FIBEROPTIC TRANSMITTER FIBE
Page 85: MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE RISETIME = 0.7/RN
Page 89 and 90: fiberoptic cable (optical cable), a
Page 91 and 92: angstrom. A unit of length equal to
Page 93 and 94: core. The central primary light-con
Page 95 and 96: diffraction. 1. The procesa by whic
Page 97 and 98: fiberoptic. Pertaining to optical f
Page 99 and 100: methods of coupling power outside t
Page 101 and 102: M Mach-Zehnder interferometer. An i
Page 103 and 104: N nanometer. One thousandth of a mi
Page 105 and 106: velocity is also the velocity at wh
Page 107 and 108: where nl and n2 are the reciprocals
Page 109 and 110: slab dielectric optical waveguide.
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