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Autism Studies and Related Medical Conditions, January 2009 - TACA

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Fallon J. Could one of the most widely prescribed antibiotics amoxicillin/ clavulanate<br />

"augmentin" be a risk factor for autism? Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(2):312-5.<br />

joanfallon@aol.com<br />

<strong>Autism</strong> is an ever increasing problem in the United States. Characterized by<br />

multiple deficits in the areas of communication, development, <strong>and</strong> behavior;<br />

autistic children are found in every community in this country <strong>and</strong> abroad.<br />

Recent findings point to a significant increase in autism which can not be<br />

accounted for by means such as misclassification. The state of California recently<br />

reported a 273% increase in the number of cases between 1987 <strong>and</strong> 1998. Many<br />

possible causes have been proposed which range from genetics to environment,<br />

with a combination of the two most likely. Since the introduction of<br />

clavulanate/amoxicillin in the 1980s there has been the increase in numbers of<br />

cases of autism. In this study 206 children under the age of three years with<br />

autism were screened by means of a detailed case history. A significant<br />

commonality was discerned <strong>and</strong> that being the level of chronic otitis media.<br />

These children were found to have a mean number 9.96 bouts of otitis media<br />

(with a st<strong>and</strong>ard error of the mean of +/-1.83). This represents a sum total for<br />

all 206 children of 2052 bouts of otitis media. These children received a mean<br />

number of 12.04 courses of antibiotics (st<strong>and</strong>ard error of the mean of +/-.125).<br />

The sum total number of courses of antibiotics given to all 206 children was<br />

2480. Of those 893 courses were Augmentin. with 362 of these Augmentin<br />

courses administered under the age of one year. A proposed mechanism<br />

whereby the production of clavulanate may yield high levels of urea/ammonia in<br />

the child is presented. Further an examination of this mechanism needs to be<br />

undertaken to determine if a subset of children are at risk for neurotoxicity from<br />

the use of clavulanic acid in pharmaceutical preparations.<br />

PMID: 15607562 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br />

Ferrante P, Saresella M, Guerini FR, Marzorati M, Musetti MC, Cazzullo AG. Significant<br />

association of HLA A2-DR11 with CD4 naive decrease in autistic children. Biomed<br />

Pharmacother. 2003 Oct;57(8):372-4.<br />

Laboratory of Biology, Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, IRCCS, via Capecelatro 66,<br />

20148 Milan, Italy. pferrante@dongnocchi.it<br />

Nine autistic children <strong>and</strong> 37 ethnically homogenous controls were enrolled in the<br />

study to assess their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) pattern, <strong>and</strong> eight healthy<br />

children were studied to define their peripheral blood cell subsets. We observed<br />

a significant decrease in CD4+ naive <strong>and</strong> an increase in CD4+ memory T cells in<br />

<strong>Autism</strong> <strong>Studies</strong> & <strong>Related</strong> <strong>Medical</strong> <strong>Conditions</strong> – <strong>TACA</strong> © Page 241

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