Local polarization dynamics in ferroelectric materials

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Rep. Prog. Phys. 73 (2010) 056502 S V Kalinin et al I V (air) I. No switching II. Partial III. Uniform (a) 1 µm IV (isopropanol) (b) 400 nm III (isopropanol) Field localization non-local non-local IV. Fractal V. Local 3 µm 2 µm (e) Pulse bias and length Figure 61. (a)–(d) PFM phase images illustrating domain morphology in regions I–V and the choice of solvent for the phase map in (e). (e) Schematic parameter diagram of possible switching modes versus field localization and pulse parameters. Reproduced from [413]. Copyright 2007, American Physical Society. Figure 62. Fabrication steps for insulated PFM probe for imaging in liquid environment. Reproduced from [414]. Copyright 2007, American Institute of Physics. switched regions [269] and may be of concern to bismuth ferrite capacitor based applications. 7. Summary Strong coupling between order parameters and electromechanical response in ferroelectric materials enables a local probe approach for studying the static domain structures and polarization dynamics. The unique image formation mechanism of PFM and its spectroscopic and dynamic modes have rendered them a quantitative and powerful method for probing ferroelectrics on the nanometer level, and have opened new venues in understanding the role of defects on switching, polarization ordering in relaxors and many other applications. The future will undoubtedly see atomic level studies on an engineered defect structure (including imaging in vacuum and in liquid), perhaps on a single unit cell level. A new generation of dynamic PFM modes is emerging to allow high energy resolution spectroscopy and of weakly piezoelectric materials. The combination of PFM and EM methods offers the opportunity for imaging atomic rearrangements during polarization switching in situ. These developments will lead to new advancements in areas such as information technologies, data storage, energy technologies, electrophysiology, as well as new serendipitous areas we can only imagine. Acknowledgments This work was sponsored by the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed and operated by UT-Battelle, LLC for the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy (SVK, BJR) and by the DOE under the grant number DOE DE-FG02- 07ER46417 (LQC). BJR also acknowledges the support of UCD Research. The authors are grateful to E A Eliseev and S Choudhury for their contributions to this work and to the numerous authors who provided permission to reproduce their work here. SVK gratefully acknowledges the collaboration with Stephen Jesse, Nina Balke, Maxim Nikiforov, Katyayani Seal, Peter Maksymovych and Alexander Tselev, as well as Roger Proksch (Asylum Research). He is also grateful to numerous CNMS users and attendees of the PFM workshop series, discussions with whom have contributed immensely to the writing of this paper. References [1] von Hippel A, Breckenridge R G, Chesley F G and Tisza L 1946 J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 38 1097 [2] Wul B M 1946 J. Phys. USSR 10 95 Wul B M 1946 Nature 157 808 61
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