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Chapter 7 RETAINING WALL 7 RETAINING WALL 7.1 GENERAL Generally the main application of retaining wall is to hold back earth and maintain a difference in the elevation of the ground surface. The retaining wall is designed to withstand the forces exerted by the retained ground or “backfill” and other externally applied loads without excessive deformation or movement, and to transmit these forces safely to a foundation and to a portion of the restraining elements, if any, located beyond the failure surface. Figure 7.1 illustrated the forces acting on a retaining wall and some of the related terminology commonly used in retaining wall design. Special considerations are often necessary for retaining walls to be constructed close to land boundaries, particularly in urban areas. Land take requirement for construction often place limitations on the use of certain forms of earth retention. The cost of constructing a retaining wall is usually high compared with the cost of forming a new slope. Therefore, the need for a retaining wall should be assessed carefully during design. Figure 7.1 Forces Acting On Retaining Wall And Common Terminology 7.2 TYPE OF RETAINING WALLS The rigidity or flexibility of a wall system is fundamental to the understanding of the development of earth pressures and the analysis of the wall stability. In simple terms, a wall is considered to be rigid if it moves as a unit in rigid body rotation and/or translation and does not experience bending deformation. Most gravity walls can be considered rigid walls. Flexible walls are those that undergo bending deformations in addition to rigid body motion. Such deformations result in a redistribution of lateral pressures from the more flexible to the stiffer portions of the system. Virtually all wall systems, except gravity walls, may be considered to be flexible. March 2009 7-1
Chapter 7 RETAINING WALL Some of the typical retaining walls are as shown in Figure 7.2 Cantilever Gravity Element Braced Tied-back (Anchored) Sheet Piling Counterfort wall Sheet Pile Wall Reinforced Soil Soil Nailing Figure 7.2 Type of Retaining Walls 7.3 SHEAR STRENGTH – LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE RELATIONSHIP The concept of lateral pressure is related to the effective stress and shear strength discussed in Chapter 3, Item 3.2 to 3.4. It is recommended that reader should review the principles of effective stress shear strength before proceeding further in this Chapter. 7-2 March 2009
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GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT O
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CHAPTER 1 GENERAL
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