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Chapter 9 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING Figure 9.5 Typical Arrangement of a Lateral Loading Test 9.2.5.2 Measurement of Pile Head Movement Devices used for measuring pile head settlement in a loading test include dial gauges (graduated to 0.01 mm), linear variable differential transducers (LVDT) and optical levelling systems. A system consisting of a wire, mirror and scale is also used in lateral loading tests. March 2009 9-19
Chapter 9 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING In a compression or tension test, measurements should be taken by four dial gauges evenly spaced along the perimeter of the pile to determine whether the pile head tilts significantly. The measuring points of the gauges should sit on the pile head or on brackets mounted on the side of the pile with a glass slide or machined steel plate acting as a datum for the stems. Care should be taken to ensure that the plates are perpendicular to the pile axis and that the dial gauge stems are in line with the axis. In a lateral loading test, dial gauges should be placed on the back of the pile with the stems in line with the load for measuring pile deflection (Figure 9.5). A separate system involving the use of a wire, mirror and scale may be used as a check on the dial gauges. The wire should be held under constant tension and supported from points at a distance not less than five pile diameters from the test pile and any part of the reaction system. Rotational and transverse movement of the pile should also be measured. LVDT can be used in place of dial gauges and readings can be taken remotely. However, they are susceptible to dirt and should be properly protected in a test. The reference beams to which the dial gauges or LVDT are attached should be rigid and stable. A light lattice girder with high stiffness in the vertical direction is recommended. This is better than heavy steel sections of lower rigidity. To minimise disturbance to the reference beams, the supports should be firmly embedded in the ground away from the influence of the loading system (say 2 m from piles or 1 m from kentledge support). It is recommended that the beam is clamped on one side of the support and free to slide on the other. Such an arrangement allows longitudinal movement of the beam caused by changes in temperature. The test assembly should be shaded from direct sunlight. In an axial loading test, levels of the test pile and reference beam supports should be monitored by an optical levelling system throughout the test to check for gross errors in the measurements. The optical levelling should be carried out at the maximum test load of each loading cycle and when the pile is unloaded at the end of each cycle. The use of precision levelling equipment with an accuracy of at least 1 mm is preferred. The datum for the optical levelling system should be stable and positioned sufficiently far away from the influence zone of the test. In loading tests using O-cell, rod extensometers are connected to the top and bottom plates of the O-cell (Figure 9.6). They are extended to the ground surface such that the movement of the plates can be measured by dial gauges or displacement transducers independently. 9-20 March 2009
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GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT O
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DID MANUAL Volume 6 Foreword The fi
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DID MANUAL Volume 6 List of Volumes
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DID MANUAL Volume 6 Registration of
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DID MANUAL Volume 6 List of Symbols
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CHAPTER 1 GENERAL
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Chapter 2 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN PROCE
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PART 3: ENGINEERING SURVEY
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CHAPTER 6 CHECKLIST FOR TERRAIN FEA
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