Volume 6 – Geotechnical Manual, Site Investigation and Engineering ...

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Chapter 2 SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTURBANCE Usually, the bulk sample provides representative materials that will serve as borrow for controlled fill in construction. Laboratory testing for soil properties will then rely on compacted specimens. If the material is relatively homogeneous, then bulk samples may be taken equally well by hand or by machine. However, in stratified materials, hand excavation may be required. In the sampling of such materials it is necessary to consider the manner in which the material will be excavated for construction. If it is likely that the material will be removed layer by layer through the use of scrapers, samples of each individual material will be required and hand excavation from base or wall of the pit may be a necessity to prevent unwanted mixing of the soils. If, on the other hand, the material is to be excavated from a vertical face, then the sampling must be done in a manner that will produce a mixture having the same relative amounts of each layer as will be obtained during the borrow area excavation. This can usually be accomplished by hand-excavating a shallow trench down the walls of the test pit within the depth range of the materials to be mixed. 2.3 SAMPLING INTERVAL AND APPROPRIATE SAMPLER TYPE In general, SPT samples are taken in both granular and cohesive soils, and thin-walled tube samples are taken in cohesive soils. The sampling interval will vary between individual projects and between regions. A common practice is to obtain split barrel samples at 0.75 m (2.5 ft) intervals in the upper 3 m (10 ft) and at 1.5 m (5 ft) intervals below 3 m (10 ft). In some instances, a greater sample interval, often 3 m (10 ft), is allowed below depths of 30 m (100 ft). In other cases, continuous samples may be required for some portion of the boring. In cohesive soils, at least one undisturbed soil sample should be obtained from each different stratum encountered. If a uniform cohesive soil deposit extends for a considerable depth, additional undisturbed samples are commonly obtained at 3 m (10 ft) to 6 m (10 ft) intervals. Where borings are widely spaced, it may be appropriate to obtain undisturbed samples in each boring; however, for closely spaced borings, or in deposits which are generally uniform in lateral extent, undisturbed samples are commonly obtained only in selected borings. In erratic geologic formations or thin clay layers it is sometimes necessary to drill a separate boring adjacent to a previously completed boring to obtain an undisturbed sample from a specific depth which may have been missed in the first boring. 2.4 SAMPLE RECOVERY Occasionally, sampling is attempted and little or no material is recovered. In cases where a split barrel or another disturbed-type sample is to be obtained, it is appropriate to make a second attempt to recover the soil sample immediately following the first failed attempt. In such instances, the sampling device is often modified to include a retainer basket, a hinged trap valve, or other measures to help retain the material within the sampler. In cases where an undisturbed sample is desired, the field supervisor should direct the driller to drill to the bottom of the attempted sampling interval and repeat the sampling attempt. The method of sampling should be reviewed, and the sampling equipment should be checked to understand why no sample was recovered (such as a plugged ball valve). It may be appropriate to change the sampling method and/or the sampling equipment, such as waiting a longer period of time before extracting the sampler, extracting the sampler more slowly and with greater care, etc. This process should be repeated or a second boring may be advanced to obtain a sample at the same depth. 2.5 REQUIRED VOLUME OF MATERIAL FOR TESTING PROGRAMME A further consideration in fixing sample sizes is the standard test specimen sizes in use. The specimen sizes commonly used here and in United Kingdom is shown below. March 2009 2-5
Chapter 2 SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTURBANCE Compressibility characteristics Oedometer Triaxial cell Hydraulic consolidation cell Triaxial compression tests Small specimens Large specimens Direct shear tests Small specimens Large specimens 76mm dia. x 19mm high 102mm dia. x 102mm high up to 254mm dia. x 100 – 125mm high 38mm dia. x 76mm high 102mm dia. x 204mm high or 152mm dia. x 305mm high 60mm x 60mm in plan 305mm x 305mm in plan Small triaxial specimens are normally tested in groups of three, all of which should be obtained from the same level in the sample in order that they are as similar as possible. Three 38mm dia. Specimens can be obtained from a 102 mm dia. sample. Soil testing equipment manufactured in the USA uses the following specimen sizes. Compressibility characteristics Consolidometer (large specimen) (small specimen) Triaxial compression tests Small specimens Medium specimens Large specimens Direct shear tests Cylindrical specimens Square specimens 113mm dia. 64mm dia. 36mm dia. x 71mm high 71mm dia x 142mm high 102mm dia. x 204mm high Or 152mm dia. x 305mm high 63.5mm dia. 51mm dia. x 52mm Three 36mm dia. (1.4in. dia.) specimens can be obtained from either 89mm (3.5 in.) dia. samples or 102 mm (4 in.) dia. samples. As noted above, when discussing the need for samples to contain representative particle sizes, in many cases it is the minimum quantity of soil required for a particular test procedure which will dictate the volume or mass that must be obtained. BS 5930: 1981 suggested sample sizes should be determined on the basis both of soil type and the purpose for which the sample was needed (Table 2.2). 2-6 March 2009
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GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT O
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DID MANUAL Volume 6 Foreword The fi
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DID MANUAL Volume 6 List of Volumes
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CHAPTER 1 GENERAL
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CHAPTER 3 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
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CHAPTER 7 RETAINING WALL
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PART 3: ENGINEERING SURVEY
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Chapter 1 GEOMATICS AND LAND SURVEY
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CHAPTER 6 CHECKLIST FOR TERRAIN FEA
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