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weak states and the dilemma of liberal values’, Security Dialogue 38/3, pp. 357–
78.
Tajikistan (2005) Postanovlenie Madzhlisi namoiandagon Madzhlisi Oli
Respubliki Tadzhikistan ot 3 oktiabria 2005 goda No. 103 Ob utverzhdenii
Voennoi doktriny Respubliki Tadzhikistan.
Tajikistan (2011) Zakon ot 28 iuniia 2011 goda No. 721, O bezopasnostii.
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mozhno tolko soobshcha’, Pravda Vostoka, 18 March.
Turkmenistan (2009) Ukaz Prezidenta Respubliki Turkmenistan ot 21 ianvaria
2009 goda Ob utverzhdenii Voennoi doktriny nezavisimogo, postoianno
neitralnogo Turkmenistan, Neitralnyi Turkmenistan, 23 January.
Uzbekistan (1997) Kontseptsiia natsionalnoi bezopasnosti Respubliki Uzbekistan
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Wæver, O. (1995) ‘Securitization and desecuritization’, in On Security, ed.
Ronnie D. Lipschutz (New York: Columbia University Press), pp. 46–86.
Notes
1 The term ‘Islamism’ is almost never used in Central Asian official discourses, but is often replaced
by terms such as ‘religious fundamentalism’ and ‘religious extremism’, often combined with
‘terrorism’.
2 The analysis is based on official regulations and policy texts of Central Asian leaders.
Unfortunately, all documents cannot be considered equally. In Uzbekistan, many such documents,
for example the Defence Doctrine of 2000 and Foreign Policy Concept of 2012, are not published.
In Kyrgyzstan, texts produced by the presidents can hardly be seen as programmes due to the lack
of continuity of power.
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