Consenting Process for Radiation Facilities - Atomic Energy ...
Consenting Process for Radiation Facilities - Atomic Energy ...
Consenting Process for Radiation Facilities - Atomic Energy ...
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3.3.8 Lead Time <strong>for</strong> Submission/Availability of Documents<br />
The lead-time <strong>for</strong> submission of documents at any stage of <strong>Consenting</strong> process<br />
is 90 days be<strong>for</strong>e the desired date of Consent and the documents should be<br />
complete in all respects <strong>for</strong> review by the AERB.<br />
3.4 <strong>Facilities</strong> Engaged in the Commercial Production of Radioactive Material<br />
and <strong>Radiation</strong> Generating Equipment<br />
3.4.1 Medical Cyclotron Facility<br />
3.4.1.1 General<br />
A new era of nuclear medicine diagnosis has started with medical cyclotron<br />
technology. Medical cyclotron produces mainly positron emitters, which can<br />
be used in molecular imaging of the organs. In medical cyclotron, particles<br />
such as protons, deuterons etc. are accelerated and made to bombard with<br />
suitable target material to produce radioisotopes, which are positron emitters.<br />
The positron emitters are produced by the (p, α), (p, n) or (d, n) reactions.<br />
The neutron activation of the surrounding medium draws the major attention<br />
in radiation safety. The medical cyclotrons are classified on the basis of particle<br />
accelerated, energy and also with respect to shielding. The self-shielded<br />
medical cyclotrons are incorporated with heavy shielding around the<br />
cyclotron. Additional structural shielding needs to be provided <strong>for</strong> such<br />
installation. Non self-shielded medical cyclotron needs heavy structural<br />
shielding to reduce outside radiation levels to safe limits.<br />
A chemical synthesis module is necessary to prepare radiopharmaceutical<br />
from the positron emitting radio isotopes produced in medical cyclotron.<br />
The accelerated particles may lead to activation of materials and leave residual<br />
radioactivity. Although the radioactive isotopes produced due to neutron<br />
activation are generally of short half-lives, their accumulated activity should<br />
be considered while handling the shielding materials, experimental objects<br />
and collimators that are likely to get activated to significant levels.<br />
3.4.1.2 Site Assessment and Approval<br />
The medical cyclotrons are located either in hospital premises or in industrial<br />
area. The first stage of consenting process is assessing the suitability of the<br />
site in accordance with the seismic condition, history of earthquakes in the<br />
region, proximity to a capable fault, flooding potential, ground water level,<br />
geo-hydrology, approach road and on the basis of occupancy. It should be<br />
ensured that there are no residential (public) premises within a radius of<br />
30 m from the cyclotron vault and the height of the stack should be atleast<br />
1.5m above the nearest tallest building in the vicinity. The geological and<br />
soil characteristics are important from the point of view of induced soil activity<br />
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