Silviculture and Cinegetics Review - Societatea Progresul Silvic

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FORESTRY POLICY SILVICULTURE AND CINEGETICS REVIEW XVII/30/2012 The same findings were made in the Massif Central, where numerous pastures, of the historic past have been afforested with spruce and Douglas or were recovered spontaneously by birch and Scots pine (Prevosto, 2004), awaiting resettlement of beech and fir. Also at Trancais in central France, were identified several locations of Roman occupation, observing that neutrophils species frequency or nitrogen demanding ones increased as it approached the old agricultural settlements. So, we may acknowledge that today's forests of France were occupied in the past by farmers, at a rate of 70-75%. Today there are in metropolitan France, 16 million hectares of forests, while at the end of the First Empire, the forest area was only of 7.8 million hectares as a result of deforestation during the Revolution, after the departure of nobles loyal to the king and following sale of church lands as national property. Thus, 8 million hectares of forests in France today are wooded farmland and the other half came from the 4th and 5th century. In French Guiana, research conducted by National Institute of Preventive Agricultural Research revealed numerous indications of the human presence in the forest considered virgin (Dambrine and Jeremie, 2010). Here soils are black and contain numerous fragments of pottery. They are the so called,, Terra Firma ", often encountered on the river banks by Francisca de Orellana, who dismounted in Amazoone in the sixteenth century and described the large establishments, which stretched for several kilometers, but quickly disappeared, the population being sold by the Portuguese and Spanish conquerors, or has been decimated by epidemics brought by Europeans. There were inventoried 1800 settlements inside the forests, evidenced by: the presence of wells, pillars, fragments of pottery, pieces of polished rocks, debris of tools workshops or processing animal pelts, the presence of permanent settlements surrounded by ditches. Thus was born the idea of permanently forests inhabited by Native Americans, who played a role in the distribution of tree species, more demanding or heliophilous who came to reoccupy areas cleared for cultivation. In conclusion, forests spared at all times by human activity are rare. Human occupations in forests have left traces still spotted on soil properties, on the composition of grass flora and likely on shrubs distribution. Probably in many areas indications are yet to be discovered. Keywords: occupation of forests, ammonium nitrification. Translated by: Roxana Gabriela Munteanu 13
EDITORIAL SILVICULTURES AND CINEGETICS REVIEW XVII/30/2012 Scientific Foundation for Creating Field Protection Forest Belts in the Banat Plain 1. Introduction In the current conditions of reduction of the forest area and climate aridity (with trends of desertification in some areas), the field protection forest belts are again of interest in Romania. Their advantages are multiple. Among them we can list the following: wind speed slow down, with direct implications: evapotranspiration reduction; windblown snow accumulation; soil erosion reduction; crop damage reduction; agricultural production increase; local environment improvement; an additional contribution of wood to rural population; irrigation cost reduction; improvement of the habitat for game and birds useful to agriculture; landscape embellishment. In our country, a favorable opinion towards the field protection belts was emerging after the droughts 1928-1929 and 1933-1935, when the first plantations in Bărăgan (Neşu 1999) started. Up to the land reform in 1945 there were created about 1100 ha of isolated forest belts, spread throughout the country. Nevertheless, their installation was made without having a systematic study as their basis. During the period 1943-1957 in the radius of ICAS Bărăgan, I.C.A.R. Mărculeşti and Mărculeşti Township there were created more consistent networks of forest belts. Subsequent preservation of these cultures was very limited (the same as in the case of forest belts created in certain areas of the Banat Plain), the majority of them having been deforested. The Bărăgan Forestry Experimental Station had as main objective the experimentation in the domain creation of field protection forest belts. The interest in installing field protection forest belts has increased significantly in recent years in Romania as well. The people has begun to realize their beneficial role, so many municipalities in Banat have started the installation of forest belts. Research on the beneficial role of field protection forest belts were made over time in different countries. Almost unanimously it was found that field protection forest belts create a good environment for crop development in the protected areas, therefore obtaining a crop growth compared with agricultural cultures in open field. In different countries the effect of the field protection Ioan Adam, Nicolae Cadar, Oliver Merce, Ilie Cântar . forest belts on different crops was studied, according to their interest, as follows: Germany (rye, wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, sugar beets, cabbage etc.), United States (wheat, corn, alfalfa, and cotton), Canada (wheat, corn), Hungary (wheat, strawberries), The Netherlands (apples, pears, and rye), Czech Republic (wheat), Russia (rye, wheat, barley). In Canada such research were made over a period of 100 years, their results being published in professional journals (Droze 1977, Easterling et al. 1997, Anonymous 2008). Other research focused on the effect of reducing wind speed by installing forest belts, such as those conducted in Russia (N.P. Adamov, A, Batsiev), Hungary (G. Marczel), Switzerland (W. Nageli), and Germany (Blenk). Studies that targeted modification of air temperature near the forest belt (Mitschelich / Germany, Van Eimern / The Netherlands), soil temperature (Jensen and Aslyng – Norway, Vanderberg / Russia) were also carried out. Certain countries (Canada, United States) have created centers that promote and offer technical assistance for the installation of field protection forest belts (Anonymous 1997, 2011, Brandle et al. 2000). 2. Method In order to develop the paper, during the first stage there were collected a large number of data: climate (weather stations), water (Romanian Waters), soil (O.S.P.A. – Soil and Agrochemical Studies Office) and vegetation (D.S. Timiş, D.S. Caraş Severin, Agricultural University of Banat), and data from A.N.I.F. (National Agency for Land Development). Some aspects of these data were checked in the field. The Banat Plain is considered sub-humid zone. In order to determine the area of more accentuated drought specific to the Hungarian dry-plains, the drought index was calculated using three methods: 1). The P.A.I. (Palfai Aridity Index) is a drought index used in the Pannonian Plain (Man 2007). The P.A.I. is obtained by multiplying the index P.A.I. 0 with: - temperature correction coefficient; 14
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