Silviculture and Cinegetics Review - Societatea Progresul Silvic

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FORESTRY BELTS SILVICULTURE AND CINEGETICS REVIEW XVII/30/2012 alluvial soils. It forms rich shrubs that cover well the soil and contributes substantially to the adjustment of the penetrability of the forest belts. It has tap-spreading roots; it suckers vigorously. Having a large ecological amplitude, it is resistant to droughts, but more sensitive to shading than privet and red dogwood, being usefully in the border of the protection forest belts. Tartarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica) was used mainly in the road protection belts, in their marginal and post marginal rows. Being an unpretentious species to soil and climate, it develops well on chernozem soils, being resistant to drought, frost and smoke. It has a rather demanding temperament towards light. It forms rich shrubs that cover well the soil and contributes substantially to the adjustment of the penetrability of the forest belts. It has shallow roots, with many thin branches; it sprouts, suckers and layer. Due to the rich shrubs and decorative aspect, it can be used in the outer, brighter part of the road belts. Indigo bush (Amorpha fruticosa) was used in the communication belts, in their marginal and post marginal rows, developing well on chernozems, alluvial soils and slopes. Having large ecological amplitude, it resists quite well to drought, preferring warmer stations, with a long vegetative season. It forms rich shrubs that cover well the soil and contributes substantially to the adjustment of the penetrability of the forest belts. It has strongly developed roots, with many side branches; it sprouts and suckers abundantly, invading neighboring lands. Due to its ornamental aspect, in absence of more valuable shrubs, it can be used in the marginal, more bright areas (as it has an open temperament) of the communication belts, and due to its sucker capacity in the anti-erosion belts. Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) was found in the marginal rows of the road/railway protection belts, or on their slopes, generally occurred in a natural way. Being a xerophilous species, resistant to frost and less demanding to edaphic conditions, it develops well on dry, compact soils. Due to its high suckering capacity, it invades the abandoned, uncultivated lands, forming impenetrable thickets. Its rich shrubs cover well the soil and contribute substantially to the adjustment of the penetrability of the forest belts. It has deep roots, with many side branches, and its growth is slow; it suckers strongly. Supporting less shading, it is recommended for use in the marginal rows of communication and antierosion belts. Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) was mainly used in the road protection belts. Being a species less demanding to soil and climate, it develops well on a diverse range of soils, to the most dry and compact ones, improving soil through its rich litter. Growth is slow and rooting is deep and highly developed, with many side branches. Having a relatively demanding temperament to light, it is recommended its planting especially in the border rows of the communication and anti-erosion belts. Dog rose (Rosa canina) was used mainly in the field protection belts, but also in the marginal rows of the railways belts. Being a species less demanding to soil and climate, it develops well on heavier, compact soils (degraded soils), improving it through its rich litter. It shows a demanding temperament to light, being recommended in the forest belt border. Pea-tree (Caragana arborescens) has large edaphic amplitude, developing well on chernozems, dry and even salty soils. Its growth is quite rapid in youth. It has well developed roots, in dry steppe soils exceeding 2 m in depth. It sprouts, but does not sucker, having as well the quality of improving the soil through symbiosis with nitrogen fixing bacteria. It supports well shading, being found even within the forest belts, under massif (Traian Sat–Lacu Sărat interval). It is recommended in the outer rows of the protection forest belts. Five stamen tamarisk (Tamarix ramosisima) was used mainly in the communication protection belts. Being a species less demanding to soil and climate, it develops well on a wide range of soils to dry, compact and salty soils. It has roots well developed in depth. It has an open temperament and its growth is quite slow, being usefully to be planted in the exterior part of the forest belts. Gărdurariţa (Lycium halimifolium) was found in the outer rows of the communication protection belts, probably occurred in a natural way. In the railway belt at Ianca it formed on some portions a very compact border line of 2-4 m width and 2-3 m height. Being a xerophyte species, resistant to frost and less demanding to edaphic conditions, it develops well on dry soils, but poorly on the compact ones. Due to its high suckering capacity and active growth it expands on the neighboring lands, forming impenetrable thickets. It does not support shading, being recommended for use only in the outer part of the protection belts, in the cases where it can not cause damage to the neighboring agricultural land through its expansion by suckering. 45
FORESTRY BELTS SILVICULTURE AND CINEGETICS REVIEW XVII/30/2012 Lilac (Syringa vulgaris) is resistant to frost and grows on soils with high calcium carbonate content, suckering strongly. Taking into account the especially decorative aspect and the dense shrubs, it is recommended to be planted on the side of the road belts. Smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria) develops very well on dry soils and even on limestone substrates. Although it supports shading fairly well, it is recommended mainly for the marginal rows of the forest belts, having an especially decorative aspect. Elm leaved spiraea (Spiraea x vanhouttei) was used in the marginal and post marginal rows of the road belts. It is not demanding to soils and it is resistant to frost, developing well especially on chernozems and alluvial soils. It shows an open temperament. Due to its dense shrubs and ornamental aspect, it may be planted in marginal brighter areas (having an open temperament) of the communication belts. Jasmin (Philadelphus coronarius) was used with good results in the marginal and post marginal rows of the road belts. It developed well on chernozems and alluvial soils. It is not demanding to soil, with the condition that it is not too dry. It resists well to frost. Being a dense ornamental shrub, it is usefully for the outer part of the communication paths protection forest belts. 4. Conclusions - Protection forest belts express their multiple influences on the environment by reducing wind speed, temperature amplitudes decrease, reducing evapotranspiration, precipitation water accumulation, improved soil fertility and conservation, earlier entry into vegetation of crops, providing wood to the population in the area, providing berries, beekeeping development, increase of game, creating better working conditions, agricultural production increase, etc. - Carrying out with maximum efficiency of the forest belts’ protection function is determined by the composition, structure and their installation on the land, elements that are conditioned, in their turn, by the natural circumstances in the region: general physicgeographical and phytoclimatic conditions and the intensity and direction of action of the harmful factors or climate adversity over which the forest belts act; at the same time, while exercising multiple functions: ecological, social and educational, when properly cared for and managed, they represent a renewable source of wood, berries, herbs and more. - Field, communication paths and anti-erosion protection forest belts show, for the most part, a good vegetative state and have a special role in reducing harmful of wind speed, increasing soil humidity in the agricultural land and protecting crops from frost. These forest belts were made, both in the past and in recent years, mostly of black locust; for the forest belts with dual protection role (field and anti-erosion) were used as main species: grayish oak, Norway maple and field elm. - In the field protection belts development of the oleaster and dog rose was strongly constrained by black locust; in order to confer a proper structure and efficiency to the forest belts it is necessary to use only helping species in the marginal rows (Tartarian maple, Turkestan elm, cherry-plum, osage-orange, etc.) and shrubs (dog rose, hawthorn), black locust should be introduced in the interior rows (central core of the forest belt). - Communication protection belts were installed after 1940 by using a rich assortment of species, depending on site conditions; tree species most frequently used were: field elm, Turkestan elm, ash, grayish oak, Norway maple, black locust, honey locust, mulberry, cherry-plum, Tartarian maple, ash-leaf maple, field maple, mahaleb cherry, osage-orange. Shrub species most frequently used were: hawthorn, dog rose, indigo bush, pea-tree, red dogwood, spindle-tree, Tartarian honeysuckle, blackthorn, privet, five stamen tamarisk, etc. In the border rows, towards the roads, ornamental shrub species were used, such as: lilac, elm leaved spiraea and jasmin. - Protection forest belts of communication paths against heavy snows, by their exceptional functional value but also their richness and floristic diversity, even as they are now in an advanced state of decay, are of a special ecological, social and economical importance, which requires, case by case, for the most par of them, urgent measures of improvement or rehabilitation. - Analyzed anti-erosion protection forest belts have a good crop development and have a special role in dissipating surface leakage, increase infiltration of water in the soil and prevent soil erosion. These forest belts were made with basic species: grayish oak or black locust; mixture and help species: Norway maple, field elm, wild cherry field maple, Tartarian maple (and in the marginal rows cherry-plum); shrubs: hawthorn, dog rose, indigo bush, red dogwood. - For optimum efficiency throughout the entire period of their evolution, protection forest belts require close 46
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