Silviculture and Cinegetics Review - Societatea Progresul Silvic

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FORESTRY BELTS SILVICULTURE AND CINEGETICS REVIEW XVII/30/2012 They supplement the normal feed obtained in natural pastures in quality (protein content), but for a longer period as well through seeds and dry biomass. In the second case, barley, oats, with a hay drying rate of 3:1, is usually the common solution. Lolium multiflorum and winter cereals are also an option. Hay is used as feed in summer and winter. Production Management Cereals production : wheat ( 1-3 tone/ha), straw ( 2-5 t/ha) Sown pastures: legume pastures : approx. 3 t / ha dry matter (DM) Mash: 3-6 t /ha DM as hay. Two or three tillage before sowing (late winter, early spring, early autumn). Sowing early autumn Fertilization: For cereals: N-P-K usually 200-300 kg/ha ( 8-28-8 or 15-151-15) Pastures rich in legumes: P ( at least 35-40 hg P 2 O 5 /ha before grazing) Mash : N-P-K usually 200-300 kg/ha with 8-24-8 Permanent pastures rich in legumes have to be sown only when the semi natural pastures show a low density of legumes. In any other case, phosphorus fertilization is a better option. 2.5. Characteristics of animals 2.5.1. Domestic livestock Extensive growth of animals is one of the most important goals of dehesa, at the same time being an important role in the creation and improvement of natural pastures, in the seed dispersal and fertilization. Table 8. Characteristics of livestock in dehesa (by Olea and San Miguel, 2006) Role Most important product on the market – animal products Species Different species, but mostly breeds of cattle, sheep, pigs and horses Optimum load Management 2.5.2. Wild animals Therefore, sustainable management of animal herds is an essential factor for dehesa and biodiversity conservation. This type of management should be consistent with silvotechnical measures and stand regeneration, as sprouts are affected by animal grazing (in general up to a 12-15 cm diameter or up to 20-40 years old, they being affected by grazing, especially if animals are fed concentrate including urea) Table 8. Cattle: 0.2-0.4 /ha Sheep : 2-4/ha Goats : 2-3/ha Pigs : 0.4-0.6/ha Traditional management is with only a few species, each optimally exploiting a certain category of natural resources. A certain distribution of animals is done to reduce damages on the stand, to increase grazing efficiency and to reduce parasites and pathogens pressure. Periods of increased food needs of livestock (prolonged gestation and lactation) must coincide with the periods when the amount of feed offered naturally by the dehesa in maximum. Cattle: The period from November to March. Lactation: 5-6 months Goats, sheep: two periods. One, period with lambs / year: spring or autumn (and the best prices). Three lambs /season/2 years. Lactation: 45 days Iberian pig: 2 births/season/year: spring and autumn. Fall born piglets are fed to satiety one year (until they reach 90-110 kg) and then fed acorn and grass from October to January, thus gaining 0.7 kg/day ( until they reach 140- 160 kg , live weight ) Valuable hunting species were always present in the dehesa ecosystem, but at low density (except for hare), being considered only a complementary source of food. In the 60s the situation changed dramatically because of hunting which became a significant economic activity, at presents being the most important one in many dehesa. Wild ungulates, especially deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) are now seen as expanding renewable resources, because of them landowners often put up fences. 79
FORESTRY BELTS SILVICULTURE AND CINEGETICS REVIEW XVII/30/2012 impact on woody vegetation and fauna, the appearance of pests and diseases in high density, which affect Photo 3. Wild ungulates The result was an alarming increase in ungulate density (sometimes up to 50 deer/km 2 ). This imbalance led to new problems relating to sustainability, due to the livestock, including humans, decreased genetic diversity etc., and new concepts of land management. Hare densities have suffered a dramatic decline due to myxomatosis, a viral hemorrhagic disease, and predators. It therefore became a major issue because wild hare is the main prey for many predators (including the Iberian imperial eagle and the lynx), and scavengers (black eagle). Partridge, another traditional hunting species, is endangered due to problems caused by the release of captive-bred populations (affected by pests, diseases and sometimes with different genetic fund) and predators (wild boar). Finally, the number of wild pigeon populations increased, even if they compete with domestic animals (especially the Iberian pig) and wild ungulates for acorns (Table 9). Table 9. Characteristics of wildlife species in dehesa (by Olea and San Miguel, 2006) Role Primary production in many cases Species Wild ungulates : red deer ( Cervus elaphus hispanicus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), deer( Capreolus capreolus) , roe deer (Dama dama), mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon), rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), hare (Lepus granatensis), partridge ( Alectoris rufa), wild pigeon ( Columba palumbus), turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur), and many others Exploitation rate Ungulates: 10-20 ind/km 2 . Problems with overgrazing Hare: normal 10 ind/ha. It disappeared from many dehesa and now has much lower density. Partridge: variable density depending on food and shelter Wild pigeon: high density in autumn and winter, where there are acorns. Landowners often scare them away in order to keep the acorn reserve for wild animals and ungulates. Management Wild ungulates: usual practice is “monteria” (individuals are driven by hunters with dogs) and less common, feeders. Hunting solvency: 15-20% except wild boar (higher, sometimes 100%, or more). Hare and bird species: protected. Partridge is hunted by “ojeo” (individuals are being driven to fall within hunter’s fire range). 2. 6. Environment protection Dehesa is an ecosystem protected by the law 92/43/EEC of the Directiva Habitate, and included in the Natura 2000 network. In addition, it includes a variety of services or benefits to the environment: biodiversity, ecosystem resilience (erosion, climate, biogeochemical circuits, fire, etc.), landscape, recreation, tourism, cultural heritage and more. Dehesa is at the same time habitat for many species of protected plants and animals and communities. As a consequence, despite the fact that it often lies on private property, environmental protection should be considered as a fundamental objective of all possible types of management. Environmental quality is a result of expansion of . integrated environmental management, and this management should be considered as a conservation tool. As an example of the importance of agroforestry management is the activity of the LIFE project whose purpose is to preserve the Iberian lynx, Iberian imperial eagle, black eagle and black stork. The conclusion is that this type of management, whose profitability is lower, must be supported by the European and Spanish governments. Coverage degree and distribution of stand proved to be a crucial factor in the determinism of population diversity and density of many animal groups of the dehesa ecosystem. It is well known its importance for domestic animal species, ungulates, micro-mammals and birds, also demonstrated for lizards and certain species of beetles 80
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Forestry Policy Exceptional trees N
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CUPRINS REVISTA DE SILVICULTURĂ Ş
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EDITORIAL SILVICULTURES AND CINEGET
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FORESTRY POLICY SILVICULTURE AND CI
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Fiure 1. Emergency placement of for
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area, the following meteorological
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directions. The Banat Plain is cros
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Silviculture and Cinegetics Review - Societatea Progresul Silvic

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