Silviculture and Cinegetics Review - Societatea Progresul Silvic

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FORESTRY BELTS SILVICULTURE AND CINEGETICS REVIEW XVII/30/2012 In favorable vegetative conditions, growth is very rapid, at 10 years it can achieve 8-10 m height and 20 cm diameter, respectively 18-20 m / over 40 cm at over 40- 50 years. Both the observations and experience show planting walnuts in alignments, at 6 m or less distance, even if it leads to the development of functional field protection forest belts (alley type), does not provide optimum fruit production or superior wood quality. Therefore, continuation of research for determination the most appropriate technical solutions to develop walnut based protection belts, in combination with other tree species or shrubs, and implementation in parallel of an optimal functionality of the forest belts and good fruit and veneer wood production is necessary. Photo 9. Marginal area of the railway protection forest belt, with osage-orange predominance, on forest steppe alluvial soil, (Putna Seacă, Vrancea County) Photo 10. Oleaster marginal area of the Balta Albă (Buzău) forest belt, on salty soils Black pine (Pinus nigra) is a species less demanding to soil features. It thrives in conditions of hot summers and dry climate, on medium deep soil, compact, with limestone bedrock or having a high content of calcium carbonate, having reduced demands to soil humidity. Due to its decorative quality, pine may be introduced, mixed with ornamental shrubs, in the marginal area of the road belt. Virginia juniper (Juniperus virginiana) is also a species less demanding to site conditions, developing well in dry climate with hot summers. Being a decorative species quality, juniper is used to border the road belt. Japanese acacia (Sophora japonica) was found in the Traian Village (Brăila County) area. Just like black locust, it has a pronounced open temperament. Acacia prefers warmer stations, protected from frost, with loose, deep, fertile and slightly humid soils. It led to good results on cambic, sandy-clay to clay chernozems. Its growth is slow in the early years. It has fairly deep roots, sprouts well, but does not sucker. Due to its decorative tree quality, it can be introduced, same as the black pine and Virginia juniper, in the marginal area of the road belts, but only in conditions favorable to its development, that is on fertile, light soils (cambic and alluvial chernozems with sandy-clay to clay texture). Nettle-tree (Celtis australis) was found in the composition of the Bărăganu Station forest belts, introduced in the outer rows mixed with mahaleb cherry, field maple, Tratarian maple and shrubs. It is resistant to drought, on poor, sandy, salty soils, having a vigorous growth and forming fairly regular and rich crowns. These qualities recommend it for the protection forest belts in difficult site conditions. Shrubs species used for the road/railway protection belts that have been analyzed were: privet, red dogwood, hawthorn, dog rose, smoke tree, elder, spindle-tree, pea-tree, indigo bush, jasmine, etc. (Photo 11–12). They serve primly to protect soil and adjust penetrability, to ensure an optimal functionality of these forest belts. The shrubs that were introduced in the 43
FORESTRY BELTS SILVICULTURE AND CINEGETICS REVIEW XVII/30/2012 marginal and post marginal rows (on the side of the road) with dual role of protection and landscape were: elm leaved spirea, fly honeysuckle, lilac, jasmine, and smoke tree. In the field belts the shrubs used were dog rose and hawthorn. Their behavior in different situations (types and composition of protection forest belts) is summarized below. Privet (Lygustrum vulgare) has been used mainly in the road belts, in marginal and post marginal rows, but in the central part as well, intimately mixed with principal tree species - oaks, maples, ashes. It develops well on a wide range of soils from chrnozems to alluvial soils, having an active growth. It forms rich shrubs that cover well the soil and contributes substantially to the adjustment of the penetrability of the forest belts. It has shallow roots, with many thin branches. This species sprouts, suckers and layer. With large ecological amplitude, resistant to drought and shade, it is the most recommended shrub species for the field and communication forest belts, especially in their central core. Red dogwood (Cornus sanguinea) was used mainly in the communication paths and field protection belts at Bărăganu Station, showing similar qualities to privet. It forms rich shrubs that cover well the soil and contributes substantially to the adjustment of the penetrability of the forest belts. It has shallow roots, with many thin branches. It sprouts and suckers. Supporting well the shading, it may be planted on the inner rows of the protection belts used in forest - steppe and forest zones. Photo 11.Călăraşi Red dogwood and privet in the marginal rows of the protection forest belts –Bărăganu Station, Călăraşi Photo 12. Red dogwood and privet in the marginal rows of the protection forest belts – Lacu Sărat, Brăila Cornel-tree (Cornus mas) was used rather rarely in the road protection belts, showing similar qualities to privet. It needs more heat and is more resistant to drought than privet, but it has a more open temperament than the latter. Its growth is very slow and it has very strong roots. It forms rich shrubs that cover well the soil and contributes substantially to the adjustment of the penetrability of the forest belts. It sprouts vigorously and it suckers. Being a fructiferous species, it is recommended to be planted in the marginal and post marginal rows of the protection belts settled in forest steppe and forest area. Elder (Sambucus nigra) was used mainly in the road protection belts, in their central part, mixed with tree species (black locust). It develops well on chernozems, forming thinner shrubs than privet or red dogwood. It has deep and strong roots, reaching up to 8 m sideways; it sprouts well. Its mid-open temperament (less resistant to shading than privet and red dogwood), limits its use in the marginal, more open areas of the protection forest belts dominated by locust. Spindle tree (Euonimus europaeus) was also used in the communication protection belts, in their central corridor, mixed with the main tree species. It develops well on different soils, ranging from chernozems to 44
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Silviculture and Cinegetics Review - Societatea Progresul Silvic

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