Silviculture and Cinegetics Review - Societatea Progresul Silvic

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FORESTRY BELTS SILVICULTURE AND CINEGETICS REVIEW XVII/30/2012 Fig. 6. Structure by areas of watercourse protection forest belts according to the functions that they fulfill on certain portions (adapted from Anonymous 1997) - Zone III is located near crops or pastures and is composed of herbaceous species, perennial or forage, which are designed: i) to ensure water infiltration and ii) to filter substances from agriculture. They may be perennial grass species existing in the area or can be grown. It is recommended, though that they have hard stems, strong and able to withstand flooding. The main role of herbaceous species is to cover the soil and, thus, slow down water flow rate, thus allowing its infiltration. This band will be maintained through repeated sweeping to prevent deposit in thick layers of dead organic matter. The choice of species of trees, shrubs and herbaceous species from that area is better, because they are better adapted to local stationary conditions. But there may be also selected fast-growing exotic species, which provide wood and non-wood products with multiple uses. A forest belt made of a single forest species meets less functionality and is more vulnerable than one composed of different species. The most common tree species used to make these forest belts are poplar, willow, alder, ash, etc. To maintain a state of good growth of trees and shrubs used in planting and the protection functions fulfillment in all aspects forest belts need care during their existence. By improving water quality, ensuring a constant flow of water, increasing soil productivity, providing favorable conditions for developing crops, beautifying landscape, enhancing biodiversity, etc.., watercourse protection forest belts contribute to the achievement of agroforestry systems capable of meeting fairly the needs of all members of society, at local, regional, and globally level. 3.5. Forest pastoral systems / Pastures with trees Forest pastoral systems define the use a piece of land, in which forest species (trees, mainly, and shrubs) provide wood products and accessories, together with livestock breeding (Fig. 7). Initially, forest pastoral systems were simply grazing animals in the forest. Over time, the objectives set by practicing these systems ranged from wood production, fodder production and the / or livestock production. A forest belt capable of performing multiple functions must contain all three bands of vegetation presented above and be parallel to the water. The wider the protection forest belt is it has greater effect and is more sustainable. Depending on local conditions its width may be larger or smaller along the watercourse or absent on certain sections. Depending on the configuration of the land, a band may lack. This is the case of wide riverbeds, nearly horizontal or very slightly inclined, with fine silt and gravel, surface erosion or depth-free. 69
FORESTRY BELTS SILVICULTURE AND CINEGETICS REVIEW XVII/30/2012 Fig. 7. Typical forest pastoral system (Spanish dehesa) - pasture, trees, animals (Olea and San Miguel- Ayanz, 2006) Therefore, if there is an association between forest species and the forage species (which are food for animals), it shall be deemed forest pastoral system. A forest belt, which protects a pasture or livestock farm, will be included in the category of forest pastoral systems as the pasture, as well as the livestock farm is made strictly for animals (growth, shelter, etc.). It is considered the most representative type of agroforestry system in Europe, with prevalence and of the long standing in Spain and Portugal. In any area these forest pastoral systems would develop, trees are those that define the landscape and are essential in pastures functionality. Although grazing in the forest was practiced for a long period of time, should be noted that, in the sense current in our country, forest pastoral system (grassland with trees) should not be confused with wooded pastures. In the first case there are trees, disparately scattered over a pasture on which animals are bread and the system lies with the farming fund, while the wooded pastures are those that have the consistency of greater or equal to 0.4 are included under the forest land (Anonymous 2008) and where livestock breeding is not allowed. In a broad sense it can be considered that forest pastoral systems have three components: forest species, animals, and pastures. The most important type of agroforestry system, in terms of area occupied and their importance in terms of productivity is the pasture with trees. Forest species are located in the pastures unevenly, but also in groups or strips, consisting of a row of trees. The number of trees can vary from 10 to 100 pieces per hectare (Eichhorn et al. 2006). The role of trees in forest pastoral systems is to provide animal shelter and protection, to increase the pastures productivity by altering microclimatic conditions, indirectly increasing meat and milk production provided the animal. They must develop a large crown to shelter animals on an area as large as possible and rare to allow grass species to grow under the crown. Also, trees on pastures explore a larger volume of soil, strengthen sloping land against landslides, reduce surface and depth soil erosion, decreases the amplitude of air and soil temperatures, protects herbaceous plants, feed and the animals of dehydration and heat stroke, wind, heavy rain, retain precipitation (snow melts slower), produce additional firewood, fruits and fodder, constitute a habitat for many species of birds, which in turn consume crops damaging insects, regulate the water and soil nutrients cycle and fix carbon, beautify the landscape. Trees of forest pastoral systems are rustic species, resistant to adversities of climatic, edaphic, anthropogenic nature, able to exploit the productive potential of the stationary, such as: species of oak, walnut, wild pear. Although achieving pastures with trees are difficult and costly the development of forest pastoral systems in traditional Mediterranean countries, confirms their viability and productivity. An important issue in making pastures with trees is to protect trees from the planting until they reach great heights that can be done, as seedlings are small with tubes of growth (with heights of up to one meter), respectively protective nets of the stem, as the trees grow. Regarding the second component of forest pastoral systems, animals, the most common are cattle and sheep, but can also be found horses, goats, and pigs. The type of pasture (meadow), the third component of forest pastoral systems, is an important element, its quality and its productivity being directly related to livestock production. Choosing high nutritional value forage species (Festuca sp., Agrostis sp., Carex sp., Poa sp., Bromus sp., etc.) as well as technological measures have a role in permanent pasture improvement through increasing production, its quality and possibly the development of grassy carpet. Technological measures include the following categories of work: (i) improvement works; (ii) regeneration of grassy carpet, through surface measures; (iii) total regeneration by seeding; (iv) 70
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Silviculture and Cinegetics Review - Societatea Progresul Silvic

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