Silviculture and Cinegetics Review - Societatea Progresul Silvic

FORESTRY BELTS SILVICULTURE AND CINEGETICS REVIEW XVII/30/2012
erosion protection works (Anonymous 1987, 1984,
2001, Burcea et al. 2007, Maruşca 2008).
(i) Improvement works include, in turn, anti-erosion
works, improvement of the air hydric regime through
drainage, scarifying, removing unwanted woody
vegetation etc., correction of soil acidity,
improvement of saline soil characteristics and more.
(ii) Regeneration of grassy carpet, through surface
action is achieved by two groups of works:
fertilization and overseeding. If fertilization (chemical
and organic or by grazing) is carried out properly, in
time it provide a grassy carpet regeneration,
evidenced by increasing productive potential, but
mainly through a favorable evolution direction. It is
applied on pastures, where the soil has over 80%
coverage with herbaceous vegetation and where
valuable species have high participation (75%).
Overseeding is recommended on areas where the soil
has coverage of 60-80% with vegetation or when
unworthy species have a shareholding of less than 25-
30%. It also is recommended in situations where
because of slope or soil the total seeding regeneration
cannot be applied. In this case is performed deep soil
plowing through partially destruction of sod, possibly
preceded by fighting unworthy species (chemical or
mechanical) and completing of the grassy carpet with
valuable species, using appropriate methods.
Sowing standard will be lower than the total standard
used for regeneration by 25-30%.
(iii) Total regeneration by seeding is applied to
surfaces where the soil has less than 60% coverage
with vegetation or the unworthy species have a
greater than 25-30% participation, on flat or slightly
sloping land, with reduced difficulties of
mechanization (slopes less than 140). Complete
destruction of the grassy carpet is carried out and
sown meadows are set up, using specific technology.
(iv) Erosion protection works are required on surfaces
with large slopes (over 300), where the soil is poorly
covered with vegetation or areas where intervention
and exploitation works can trigger serious erosion
processes.
In all cases, determining the type of fertilizers and
amendments, of doses and ages of the application
must be linked to agrochemical soil characteristics
and with the mode of operation, the indicated doses
for each typological unit being approximate.
A successful forest pastoral system requires
knowledge of growth characteristics of grass and
forage species, of timing, duration of grazing, grazing
capacity and optimal loading with animals, to avoid
degradation of pastures, through impoverishment and
deterioration of forage species and seedlings damage.
Trees have a determining role in pastures increasing
productivity and ensure better living conditions for
livestock.
There are many important elements justifying revival
and development of forest pastoral systems in our
country. Among them the fact that forest pastoral
systems have a tradition in many countries, where
they developed and improved, and bringing
significant, ecological, economic and social benefits.
4. Instead of conclusions
Different agroforestry systems are traditionally used
in many parts of the world, which shows that some of
them have already passed the test of practical
experiment. In the near future are expected to be
adopted widely, such systems being easier to adapt to
climate and / or technology changes in agriculture and
forestry (which includes the development of new
technologies) or socio-economic and / or
environmental changes.
Advantages of agroforestry systems consist of
complex land use, both in terms of agriculture and
forestry, ensuring sustainable management of natural
resources. They can provide products and services of
the most diverse: food for humans, animal feed,
wood, fruits and seeds of trees and shrubs, leaves for
sericulture, flowers for apiculture, flowers, fruit and
bark for medicinal tea, tannin for industrial
processing, mushrooms, plus the environmental
benefits (improving the climate and soil carbon
storage, landscape beautifying etc.).
However, without systematic research in terms of the
pedo-climatic conditions of our country, the easiest
way to test the utility of agroforestry systems is their
practical application by landowners. The reason why
one should opt for agroforestry systems is that the
mixing in time and space of forest species with
agricultural ones may be, under certain conditions,
more profitable, from an ecological, economic and
social point of view, than the separate cultivation of
forest and agricultural species. To identify these
conditions is necessary to know the biological
interactions between the two cultures, on the one hand
and economic and social issues, posed by these
culture systems, on the other hand, given that
beneficial biological and economic interactions
(whose effects are manifested in the long run) define
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