Silviculture and Cinegetics Review - Societatea Progresul Silvic

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FORESTRY BELTS SILVICULTURE AND CINEGETICS REVIEW XVII/30/2012 woods, where the woody vegetation, the grassy carpet and the animals that use them live in harmony. The communal pastures before the collectivization of agriculture were mostly equipped with various species of trees for shading for the animals. The species of trees and sometimes fruit trees used mainly for shading, were chosen based on the stationary conditions: willow and poplar in floodplains, locust, oak, sessile oak, ash, wild pear, walnut, etc. in plains and hills, beech, fir, spruce and other species in the mountain area. Even now, the groves and secular oaks of Cristian, Hărman, Dăişoara, Fişer – BV, Reghin – MS, Ţigăneşti –BC, Remetea – BH, Poşmuş – BN, Dioşti – DJ and others are here to bear witness. Among them stands the secular oak of Păşmuş – Şieu which in 2006 reached the impressive age of 600 years, being probably the oldest tree in Romania (Maruşca, 2006). Unfortunately, many of these secular oaks were burned, cleared, vandalized, without plating anything in their place, the animals on the pastures now feeling the full effects of the summer sun and sunburn, with reduction of milk and meat production. 3.3.The fruit trees system – grasslands and pastures In some areas of hills and depressions there are orchards with grass used as hay-fields or pastures for animals. The most common species are: plum, followed by apple, pear, walnut, etc., grown extensively and with uneven production from year to year. Thus, it was created a mixed management system, orchard-grassland, which has proven efficiency both to produce fruit with minimum intervention, and used as hay-field, or by grazing animals. The latter benefit from the shadow and fruits attacked by pests and diseases are used as supplementary feed. In orchards located on steep slopes in the hilly area the fruit trees also have an anti-erosion role and stabilize the land against landslides A special case is the alignment of mulberry trees along the roads where the geese on pastures supplement their food with mulberries during July-August when grass becomes fewer. Many of these grassy orchard systems are derelict, only a few are still maintained in individual households of the Subcarpathians in the Vrancea, Buzău, Prahova, Argeş, Dâmboviţa and Vâlcea counties. 3.4. The terrace system with arable land, slope with hay-filed and row of fruit trees One of the most interesting complex systems of slope agricultural land management is the terracing for arable crops, with grassed slopes, used as hay-field and a row of fruit trees on the upper edge of the slope, especially specific in southwestern Transylvania. For centuries this system has ensured grain crops, hay for livestock and fruits for direct consumption or conservation, while protecting soil against surface or deep erosion on steep slopes. Unfortunately, this system too is largely abandoned, being invaded by unworthy herbaceous or woody vegetation. Return to the old system of effective capitalization of the arable land—hay-field—fruit trees terrains with modern means of mechanization, organic fertilizer from livestock in the households and other measures of biological agriculture and tourism, would have a great future in these defavorized areas with major natural handicaps. 3.5. Protection of traditional systems Photo 4. Orchard with grass In our country it is found that there were and still are in some form, different agroforestry systems that need to be better known and reconsidered in the future. 83
FORESTRY BELTS SILVICULTURE AND CINEGETICS REVIEW XVII/30/2012 Their studies have been marginalized, agronomists considering that it is the job of the foresters, and foresters in their turn dealing with forests, and less with isolated trees on grasslands, etc. While in Mediterranean countries strongly affected by periods of excessive heat and dryness, foresters and agronomists have already taken concrete steps with awareness and generalization of the traditional agroforestry systems like the Spanish dehesa; in our country these systems have not yet been taken into account to extend them in order to prevent the negative effects of global warming. Therefore, it is considered necessary an inventory of all agroforestry systems in our country, by mixed teams, agronomists and foresters, followed by study of their functionality as a means to protect the grass carpet, arable crops, grazing animals, trees, fruit trees, etc., economical source of feed, animal products, cereals, fruits, wood, landscape aesthetics and others. After establishing the main functions of agroforestry systems we can move to the modernization of the maintenance and capitalization works of these complex resources, which can better adapt to future climate change. Photo 5.Grassland with oaks Thus, the agroforestry system together with the afforestation of degraded land, installation of protection forest belts, expanding irrigation and other measures, can help to complement the specific measures to combat aridity and desertification which will affect both pastoral and livestock fund. A complex agroforestry system could more easily pass a global warming regime than the current system with pastures and animals without trees, simple arable crops and others. 4. Conclusions - In Romania, at an increase of the average air temperature of only 3 0 C by year 2070, according to prognosis, more than 30 % of the country will be affected by desertification and about 38% of increased aridity, which will encompass all our plains, up to 85 % of the hills and almost 20 % of the pre-mountain and low mountain area; - The prognosis of global warming by 3 0 C in our country will create major disturbances in the distribution by altitude of the vegetation floors in the Carpathians, in the sense that the upper limit of the spruce will increase with 600 m, reaching 2400 m altitude, and the upper subalpine (mountain pine) and alpine floors will slowly disappear. The maximum productivity of the forests and natural grasslands located now at the 1000 – 1200 m raise to 1600 – 1800 m altitude; - The possibilities of increasing production of the grasslands that will benefit from heat and humidity higher than at present, are seriously diminished by physical - chemical properties of the soil that will change more slowly than the climate, by the difficult access conditions due to relief energy, etc., reasons for which will be necessary to develop other related activities such as agroturism; - In Spain, with its Mediterranean climate, since the Neolithic an agroforestry system called "dehesa" has spread, with an oak trees density of 20-100 per hectare, 150-300 years old, where every 10-15 years regular training cuts are made to the crown, cork is harvested every 9-12 years, the average acorn production is 200- 600 kg/ ha /year, and there is the direct tree production, plus it provides protection for the grassy carpet lawns, shade for crops and grazing animals; - The extensive crop yields made in the dehesa system are of 1-3 t / ha grain to grain straw, 1-3 t / ha DM to natural meadows and sown with an optimal load 0.2 to 0.4 LU / ha cattle, sheep, goats or pigs from 0.4 to 0.6 ha in environmental conditions, maintaining the landscape, intense sequestration of carbon and other advantages. The Iberian agroforestry is constantly expanding and improving with funds from the European Union, and is widely considered a viable solution to prevent desertification and aridisation of the current climate; - The thermal regime of the air (0-200 cm height) and soil (0-150 cm depth) of woody vegetation is more constant and lower by about 2.2 ° C compared to temperatures recorded on permanent pasture during the 84
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CUPRINS REVISTA DE SILVICULTURĂ Ş
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EDITORIAL SILVICULTURES AND CINEGET
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FORESTRY POLICY SILVICULTURE AND CI
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Fiure 1. Emergency placement of for
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Silviculture and Cinegetics Review - Societatea Progresul Silvic

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