Silviculture and Cinegetics Review - Societatea Progresul Silvic

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FORESTRY BELTS SILVICULTURE AND CINEGETICS REVIEW XVII/30/2012 erosion protection works (Anonymous 1987, 1984, 2001, Burcea et al. 2007, Maruşca 2008). (i) Improvement works include, in turn, anti-erosion works, improvement of the air hydric regime through drainage, scarifying, removing unwanted woody vegetation etc., correction of soil acidity, improvement of saline soil characteristics and more. (ii) Regeneration of grassy carpet, through surface action is achieved by two groups of works: fertilization and overseeding. If fertilization (chemical and organic or by grazing) is carried out properly, in time it provide a grassy carpet regeneration, evidenced by increasing productive potential, but mainly through a favorable evolution direction. It is applied on pastures, where the soil has over 80% coverage with herbaceous vegetation and where valuable species have high participation (75%). Overseeding is recommended on areas where the soil has coverage of 60-80% with vegetation or when unworthy species have a shareholding of less than 25- 30%. It also is recommended in situations where because of slope or soil the total seeding regeneration cannot be applied. In this case is performed deep soil plowing through partially destruction of sod, possibly preceded by fighting unworthy species (chemical or mechanical) and completing of the grassy carpet with valuable species, using appropriate methods. Sowing standard will be lower than the total standard used for regeneration by 25-30%. (iii) Total regeneration by seeding is applied to surfaces where the soil has less than 60% coverage with vegetation or the unworthy species have a greater than 25-30% participation, on flat or slightly sloping land, with reduced difficulties of mechanization (slopes less than 140). Complete destruction of the grassy carpet is carried out and sown meadows are set up, using specific technology. (iv) Erosion protection works are required on surfaces with large slopes (over 300), where the soil is poorly covered with vegetation or areas where intervention and exploitation works can trigger serious erosion processes. In all cases, determining the type of fertilizers and amendments, of doses and ages of the application must be linked to agrochemical soil characteristics and with the mode of operation, the indicated doses for each typological unit being approximate. A successful forest pastoral system requires knowledge of growth characteristics of grass and forage species, of timing, duration of grazing, grazing capacity and optimal loading with animals, to avoid degradation of pastures, through impoverishment and deterioration of forage species and seedlings damage. Trees have a determining role in pastures increasing productivity and ensure better living conditions for livestock. There are many important elements justifying revival and development of forest pastoral systems in our country. Among them the fact that forest pastoral systems have a tradition in many countries, where they developed and improved, and bringing significant, ecological, economic and social benefits. 4. Instead of conclusions Different agroforestry systems are traditionally used in many parts of the world, which shows that some of them have already passed the test of practical experiment. In the near future are expected to be adopted widely, such systems being easier to adapt to climate and / or technology changes in agriculture and forestry (which includes the development of new technologies) or socio-economic and / or environmental changes. Advantages of agroforestry systems consist of complex land use, both in terms of agriculture and forestry, ensuring sustainable management of natural resources. They can provide products and services of the most diverse: food for humans, animal feed, wood, fruits and seeds of trees and shrubs, leaves for sericulture, flowers for apiculture, flowers, fruit and bark for medicinal tea, tannin for industrial processing, mushrooms, plus the environmental benefits (improving the climate and soil carbon storage, landscape beautifying etc.). However, without systematic research in terms of the pedo-climatic conditions of our country, the easiest way to test the utility of agroforestry systems is their practical application by landowners. The reason why one should opt for agroforestry systems is that the mixing in time and space of forest species with agricultural ones may be, under certain conditions, more profitable, from an ecological, economic and social point of view, than the separate cultivation of forest and agricultural species. To identify these conditions is necessary to know the biological interactions between the two cultures, on the one hand and economic and social issues, posed by these culture systems, on the other hand, given that beneficial biological and economic interactions (whose effects are manifested in the long run) define 71
FORESTRY BELTS SILVICULTURE AND CINEGETICS REVIEW XVII/30/2012 the concept of sustainability of agroforestry systems. Although in most cases, agroforestry systems are applied in the specific conditions of subsistence economy (or survival); they can be tested and treated from the perspective of economic theory, emphasizing interaction of biological, economic and social nature existing between the agroforestry system components. Bibliography: Bentrup G., 2008: Conservation buffers: design guidelines for buffers, corridors, and greenways. General Technical Report SRS-109. Burcea P., Marusca T., Neagu M., 2007: Pajiştile montane din Carpaţii României. Ed. AmandAEdit. Costăchescu C., Dănescu F., Mihăilă E., 2010: Perdele forestiere de protecţie. Editura Silvică, Bucureşti. Eichorn M.P., Paris P., Herzog F., Incoll L.D., Liagre F., Mantzanas K., Mayus M., Moreno G., Papanastasis V.P., Pilbeam D.J., Pisanelli A. and Dupraz C., 2006: Silvoarable systems in Europe – past, present and future prospect. Agroforestry system 67. Ionescu A., Marcu Gh., Moisuc Gh., Lupe I., 1960: Cercetări privind necesitatea perdelelor de stat pe cursurile de ape din R.P.R. În: Studii şi Cercetări, vol. XXI. Editura Agro-Silvică. Lupe I., 1952: Perdele forestiere de protecţie şi cultura lor în Câmpiile Republicii Populare Române. Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Române. Manole D., Nicolaescu M., Neacşu M., Florea D., 2008: Dobrogea în contextul deşertificării. Dezbaterea transfrontalieră România – Bulgaria ”Perdele forestiere de protecţie în contextul schimbărilor climatice”. Maruşca T., 2008. Reconstrucţia ecologică a pajiştilor degradate. Editura Universităţii Transilvania, Braşov. Mihăilă E., Costăchescu C., Dănescu F., Drăgoi, S., 2010: Sisteme agrosilvice. Editura Silvică, Bucureşti. MacDicken K.G., Vergara N.T., 1990: Introduction to Agroforestry. In: MacDicken, K.G., Vergara, N.T. (eds.), Agroforestry: classification and management. A Wiley – Interscience Publication. New York, Toronto. Olea L., San Miguel-Ayanz A., 2006: The Spanish dehesa. A traditional Mediterranean silvopastoral system linking production and nature conservatio. 21st General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation, Badajoz (Spain). Opening Paper. Anonymous, 1984: Studiul de amenajarea păşunilor în O.S. Caransebeş, I.J.S. Caraş Severin. Ministerul Silviculturii. I.C.A.S. Anonymous, 1987: Principalele tipuri de pajişti din R.S. România. Ministerul Agriculturii, A.S.A.S., I.C.P.C.P. Braşov. Redacţia de propagandă tehnică agricolă. Anonymous, 1997: Riparian Forest Buffer. Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA. Anonymous 2001: Studiu de amenajament silvopastoral. Primăria Oţelu Roşu. Judeţul-Severin. S.C. Quercus Silva S.R.L. Caransebeş. Anonymous, 2002: Legea perdelelor forestiere, nr. 289 Anonymous, 2008: Legea 46 - Codul silvic. Abstract Different agroforestry systems are traditionally used in many parts of the world, which shows that some of them have already passed the test of practical experiment. Advantages of agroforestry systems consist of complex land use, both in terms of agriculture and forestry, ensuring sustainable management of natural resources. However, without systematic research in terms of the pedo-climatic conditions of our country, the easiest way to test the utility of agroforestry systems is their practical application by landowners. To identify these conditions is necessary to know the biological interactions between the two cultures, on the one hand and economic and social issues, posed by these culture systems, on the other hand, given that beneficial biological and economic interactions define the concept of sustainability of agroforestry systems. Keywords: agroforestry system, protective function, forest belts. Translated by: Roxana Gabriela Munteanu 72
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Silviculture and Cinegetics Review - Societatea Progresul Silvic

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