Silviculture and Cinegetics Review - Societatea Progresul Silvic

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forest vegetation is distributed in a differentiated manner, depending on the pedohydroclimatic conditions. Thus, in the piedmont plain, with flat, low and moderately wavy land, with rainfall between 600 - 700 mm, the dominant vegetation is represented by mesoxerophilous forests of Turkey oak, Hungarian oak and lime. In the subsidence and digression plain, where the forests have disappeared almost completely, the forest vegetation is represented by forests of grayish oak and downy oak, in the form of clusters, within which often penetrate steppe elements, such as: associations of mesoxerophyte species (in wet areas) psammophyte (on sand) and halophyte (on salty soils). Closely related with the climate and vegetation variability, as well as with the diversity of the anthropogenic intervention, the soil in the Banat area has a high level of variability in type, subtype, variety, family and species. In the high sector of the Banat Plain (Vinga Plain, Gătaia Plain) have developed mollic clay-lessive brown soils, and on smaller surfaces, vertisoils. At the confluence between Nera and the Danube (west to the Locva Mountains) there are cambric chernozems, which formed on a high loess field. In the low plain of Banat, although it is uniform in terms of relief, there are a variety of soils caused by the diverse lithology and groundwater level. Thus, in the digression lowlands of the plain there are Humic Glay soils, gleyic soils and gleyied vertisoils mixed with halomorpheous soils. In the higher areas, covered with sandy deposits and loess material, have developed damp or gleyied chernozems. In the floodplain areas there are brown eu-mesobasic soils and alluvial soils, that are in different stages of gleyzation or swamp formation (which, following extensive improvement work in the area, are evolving away from the halomorpheous types). To be mentioned that the chernozems occupy the vastest agricultural surface in Banat. In the low plain, west of a Miniş - Timişoara – Denta direction, the chernozems occupy about 68% of the surface of the plain. In this area the soil water deficit ranges between 100- 300 mm. It is characterized by a potential evapotranspiration between 670 - 730 mm, the annual precipitation deficit being of 100 - 300 mm. The aridity index is between 20-26. 3.2. Delimitation of the zones by emergency of installation All the items listed above (temperature regimen, rainfall, wind, lack of forests, etc.) show the need to create field protection forest belts on the entire surface of the Banat Plain. Summarizing these considerations the following result: - the annual average temperatures are above 11.1 0 C in the low Banat Plain (below 100 m) and between 10.1- 11.0 0 C in the high plain (101-200 m); - the annual average precipitations have values below 600 mm in the low plain and between 601-700 mm in the high plain; - the aridity indexes have values lower than 30 in the western side of the Banat Plain on a Denta (28.7) Timişoara (30.2), Miniş (30.0) direction; - the drought indexes calculated by the three methods (P.A.I., I hc , I c ) characterize an area with stronger drought to the west of the Denta, Berini, Timişoara, Miniş direction; - the potential evapotranspiration is higher than the annual average precipitations wets of the Timişoara (P.m.a. - 570 mm, E.T.P. - 698 mm) – Miniş (P.m.a. - 569 mm, E.T.P. - 695 mm) direction; - the chernozems occupy 68 % of the Banat Plain surface west of the Denta – Timişoara – Miniş direction; in this area the annual precipitations deficit ranges between 100 and 300 mm. Analysis of these factors leads to the conclusion that, as a first emergency, there is a need to install filed protection forest belts west to the Denta – Berini – Timişoara – Miniş direction (fig. 1). 3.3. Planning and installation of the plain protection forest belts in the Banat Plain Protection forest belts planning involves considering the exiting requirements and the future needs. It has to take into account the positioning of the farms, the access roads, different types of terrain (marshes, etc.), railways, and country roads. Such a unitary planning gives a clear picture on the effect that protection forest belts can have and eliminates the possibility of subsequent installation of other forest belts of low efficiency. In this respect, cadastral maps with full details are necessary. As previously shown (3.1), in the Banat Plain, in the majority of the areas the winds blow from all 19
directions. The Banat Plain is crossed by a complex network of irrigation and drainage canals (3.1), in the Timiş county the secondary canals total 11.167 km in length and 12.287 ha in surface. Thus, we consider as advisable the installation of field protection forest belts along main and secondary canals and along some roads, in a closed circuit to delineate a surface of about 200 – 300 ha and that can provide good protection against winds from any direction. Research in Hungary show that if the forest belts are installed in angles different to the main wind direction their effect remains strong. In this respect, the backbone of protection consists of the following protection forest belts: - protection forest belts along main and secondary canals, of varying widths. - protection forest belts along the main and access roads. The field protection forest belts that are installed along the canals have to reconcile two requirements: - to be as close to the canal as possible so that the roots can use the infiltration water and to protect water against evaporation; - to allow their maintenance. Note that A.N.I.F. only manages the land at a distance of 0.5 m from the edge of the canal, the rest belonging to the landowners. For a good protection, it is considered sufficient that the protection forest belts cover 2-3% of the agricultural terrain’s surface. 4. Conclusions The Banat Plain stretches between the western border of Romania and the hilly area at the east, where in some places penetrates inside the mountains in the shape of stripes of different sizes. It is the largest form of relief of this region. The slope of the plain decreases from east to west, and the altitude generally ranges between 100-200 m, with lower altitudes on the western side (80-95 m). The Banat Plain covers an area of high piedmont plain with altitudes between 125-190 m and an area of digression with lower altitudes (90-100 m). This difference (altitude) is manifested in terms of thermal resource and precipitations. The most important rivers in the Banat Plain (with well defined individual basins) are: Timis , Bega, Aranca, Beregsau, Bârzava, Moraviţa, and Caraş. The density of the hydrographic network is very low (0.1 – 0.2km/km 2 ), which led to the creation of a network of drainage and irrigation canals that are grouped in hydro ameliorative complex systems. In Timiş county, the secondary canals totalize 11.167 km in length and 12.287 ha in surface. The climatic factors have specific characteristics in the Banat Plain. The yearly average temperatures are above 11.1 0 C in the lower area of Banat (below 100 m) and between 10.1 and 11.0 0 C in the high plain area (101-200 m). The average precipitations are between 550-700mm (below 600 mm in the lower plain area and between 601-700 mm in the high plain). For the plain area, the overall moisture deficit is of about 234mm. The aridity indexes have values lower than 30 in the western side of the Banat Plain on a Miniş (30.0), Timişoara (30.2), Denta (28.7) direction. At Sânnicolaul Mare (25.8) and Jimbolia (27.2) they have lower values, and towards the hill zone they have higher values (Făget 36.0, Caransebeş 36.3, Bocşa Montană 41.4 and Oraviţa 44.0). The drought indexes calculated by the three methods (P.A.I., I hc , I c ) characterize a stronger drought area west of the Denta, Berini Timişoara, Miniş direction. The annual potential evapotranspiration calculated by the Thornthwaite method is higher than the annual average precipitations at the stations: Sânnicolaul Mare (P.m.a.-536; E.T.P.-696), Jimbolia (P.m.a.-569; E.T.P.-695), Timişoara (P.m.a.-570; E.T.P.-698) and Miniş (P.m.a.-632; E.T.P.-697) and lower at Lugoj (P.m.a.-605; E.T.P.-534). The specific aspects of the steppe formation phenomena that are characteristic to the Banat Plain are a consequence of the reduction, in recent times, of the amount of precipitations, in conjunction with the lowering of the groundwater from hydro ameliorative works, sometimes oversized and of the alternation of the air masses from different directions which, at certain wind speeds, increase evapotranspiration. The wind regime in the Banat Plain is determined by the peculiarities of the general circulation of the atmosphere and by the role of orographic barrier of the Banat Mountains. 20
Page 1 and 2: Forestry Policy Exceptional trees N
Page 3 and 4: CUPRINS REVISTA DE SILVICULTURĂ Ş
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EXCEPTIONALLY TREES SILVICULTURE AN
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CONSERVATION OF FOREST BIODIVERSITY
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NATURAL REGENERATION SILVICULTURE A
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LEGISLATION SILVICULTURE AND CINEGE
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Silviculture and Cinegetics Review - Societatea Progresul Silvic

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