Silviculture and Cinegetics Review - Societatea Progresul Silvic

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FORESTRY BELTS SILVICULTURE AND CINEGETICS REVIEW XVII/30/2012 subsidence do not allow the differentiation in the stationary complex of multiple stationary units. 8. Polyfunctional species selection Species used for the afforestation of the ground wave from the factory Kronospan of Stupini, must meet properties enabling them the development in special stationary conditions: - resistance to dryness (season) of the soil - a necessary condition because species do not benefit from the contribution groundwater, slope gradient is large (45 g), with significant loss of water from precipitation through surface water runoff and runoffs, and on sunny slopes (southern and western) and the plateau, under loose soil and medium texture, this quality this becomes a very important requirement; - adaptation to skeletal soils with low physiological space - especially on the northern ground wave, where the amount of skeleton is variable and sometimes up to 25 to 30%; - to withstand an alkaline pH (7.8 to 8.2); - to be calcicole species, which support high soil carbon content (calcium: 14,740 ppm); - To support the content of salts of the soil (Cu: 10.67 ppm and 12.44 ppm As); - Resistant to industrial pollution and road with fluoride (12.44 ppm); - Rapidly growing in youth to realize as quickly as possible the functions for which the protection forest belt was created; - to easily regenerate naturally, to spread later in the gaps created by the drying of seedlings after planting and to achieve impenetrable hedges; - To cover soil well and improve it through litter and root associations; - to withstand the injuries caused by natural phenomena: wind (especially on the plateau and upper third), heavy rains (which can erode slopes), frost, ice etc.; - to have the opportunity of defense against aggression caused by domestic or wild animals (spinyspecies, inedible, which make impenetrable thickets or hedges) and to withstand grazing; - to possess rich and powerful rooting respectively the power to highly sprout and sucker, to secure unstable slopes, with active erosion and with a potentially burial of seedlings by landslides, collapses and cracks. In the tables 3a and 3b were centralized woody species that simultaneously meet the characteristics of adaptation to pursued pedo-fluid conditions and functionality. 9. Afforestation formula and scheme Tree stands of mixed resinous and deciduous are those that provide the best protection and soil improvement and the best use of degraded land (Miulescu and Tăbăcaru, 1963). In the hill regions, of the sessile oak area these species are: - on soils with mild to medium texture: ash, mountain maple, flowering ash, privet, red dogwood and cornel tree; - on semiskeletal soils: black pine, flowering ash, common maple, hawthorn, red dogwood etc.; - on soils with medium to heavy texture: black pine, ash, mountain maple, pear, red dogwood, spindle-tree, privet, Turkestan elm; - on calcareous soils: black pine, Turkestan elm, flowering ash, cherry, cherry-plum, privet, cornel tree, red dogwood; - on land with fragmented soils: ash, oleaster, privet, sea buckthorn, red dogwood. Based on the specific stationary requirements and the compatibility of the species characteristics with these, the following formula for afforestation was used (Table 4): 30% Pi.n. 12% Pa.m. Fr. Ul.t. Gl. 31% Sl. Mj. 27% Pd. Mc. L.c. Applying this formula differs however in relation to the forms of relief (slopes of 45 gr. and plateau) the slopes exposure (sunny - SW - or shadow - NE), slope position (upper or lower third), or the portions of land that runoffs and landslides are localized (Table 4a). The chosen planting scheme (Table 4a) (Option 1) is 10,000 seedlings / ha (1 x 1 m) (otskirts / hedges are more dense: 1 x 0.5 m). On the plateau of the ground waves are planted: - Rows of edge, pure, of oleaster, with role of fixing securely the slope rim, where there are cracking and landslides phenomena. - 3 internal rows with black pine mixed with flowering ash (ailanthus and resistant shrub species. On the sunny slopes: - Mixture of black pine and xerophytes species - flowering ash (ailanthus) cherry-plum, Turkestan elm, resistant shrubs); - For the slope stability were introduced two pure lines of oleaster (at regular intervals compared to the edge and the basis of the slope); - At the edge, it was designed a hedge of honey locust. On the shadowed slopes: - Mixture of black pine and mesophilic species - maple, ash and mesophilic shrubs - at the bottom of of the slope; 95
FORESTRY BELTS SILVICULTURE AND CINEGETICS REVIEW XVII/30/2012 - Mixture of black pine and more xerophytes species - flowering ash (ailanthus) and resistant trees - at the top of of the slope; - oleaster was placed in pure bunches on the ruptures and landslides on the eastern slope respectively as column, the largest slope line for fixing against runoffs; - For the slope stability it was introduced a line of pure of oleaster (mid-of the slope); - At the edge, it was designed a hedge of blackthorn (thorn). Option 2, of backup (Table 4 b): - Black pine may not be replaced with any other main species of coniferous in Romania, which cannot withstand high pH and carbonate in the soil; - Mixed mesophilic species, common ash and mountain maple are interchangeable; - help xerophytes species - flowering ash (Ailanthus), Turkestan elm, cherry-plum, and oleaster - can be interchangeable or substitute with Turkish cherry or mulberry (oleaster is not good to be replaced); - sea buckthorn and blackthorn, red dogwood, privet, Christ's thorn can replace each other, in extreme cases can be substituted by hawthorn, wild rose or vinegar tree, but resistance to specific site conditions and their protective role is weaker; - juniper not only supports dry and carbonate soils, fixing and protecting well the soils, but remains green, like black pine in the season of vegetation and can not be replaced with any other species; - For hedges honey locust, blackthorn and sea buckthorn can replace each other, in extreme cases can be substituted by dog rose or hawthorn. The environmental protection forest belt, by its multifunctions, will have a complex structure, both vertically and horizontally. Thus, on the vertical will be ensured: - a main basic species: black pine, ensuring continuity of protection functions both in the growing season and during winter; - The main mixture species: common ash and mountain maple (at the bottom and middle of the shaded slope) and ailanthus, cherry-plum and elm of Turkestan (on the sunny plateau and slope); - the help species: flowering ash (on the plateau, sunny slope and upper shaded slope) and oleaster (pure lines, at a relatively steady intervals, on the plateau and slopes); - species of shrubs: blackthorn, sea buckthorn (hedges and sunny areas), red dogwood, common privet, Christ's thorn (shaded areas) (backup options: vinegar tree, hawthorn, dog rose); - species for hedges: honey locust at the the basis of the sunny slopes, towards the enclosure, respectively shrubs at the basis of shadowed slopes, towards the surrounding agricultural land. Horizontally the distribution of the 10 species was made as follows: - 1 row of intimate mixture of black pine, shrubs and the help species - 1 row of intimate mixture of black pine and shrubs followed by mixing main species with shrubs; - from place to place was interposed a row of pure oleaster for fixing of the slope; - at the edges of the slope was planted a row of pure honey locust, for hedges (20,000 seedlings / ha). Table 4a. Kronospan protection forest belt – main afforestation scheme Shadowed slopes (N,E) Plateau Sunny slope (S,V) G v1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1 Gl Ct Fr Ip Sâ Pin Ct Sl Por Pin Sl Pin Por Mj Sl Ct Mj Ip Ct Pin Por Sl Por Ip Ct Gl 2 Gl Pam Sâ Ip Pin Por Mj Sl Pin Ct Sl Por Pin Ct Sl Pin Por Ip Pin Pd Mj Sl Pin Ip Ult Gl 3 Gl Por Pin Ip Sâ Pin Por Sl Ct Pin Sl Mj Ct Pin Sl Por Pin Ip Por Pin Ct Sl Ct Ip Por Gl 4 Gl Pam Sâ Ip Fr Ct Pin Sl Mj Por Sl Ct Mj Por Sl Pin Ct Ip Mj Ct Pin Sl Mj Ip Ult Gl 5 Gl Ct Fr Ip Sâ Pin Ct Sl Por Pin Sl Pin Por Mj Sl Ct Mj Ip Ct Pin Por Sl Por Ip Ct Gl 6 Gl Pam Sâ Ip Pin Por Mj Sl Pin Ct Sl Por Pin Ct Sl Pin Por Ip Pin Por Mj Sl Pin Ip Ult Gl 7 Gl Por Pin Ip Sâ Pin Por Sl Ct Pin Sl Mj Ct Pin Sl Por Pin Ip Por Pin Ct Sl Ct Ip Por Gl 8 Gl Pam Sâ Ip Fr Ct Pin Sl Mj Por Sl Ct Mj Por Sl Pin Ct Ip Mj Ct Pin Sl Mj Ip Ult Gl Pin: Pinus nigra, Gl: Gleditsia triacanthos, Pam: Acer pseudoplatanus, Fr: Fraxinus excelsior, Ip: Juniperus communis, Mj: Fraxinus ornus, Sl: Eleagnus angustifolia, Ult: Ulmus pumila, Por: Prunus spinosa, Ct: Hippophae rhamnoides , Sâ: Cornus sanguinea 96
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Forestry Policy Exceptional trees N
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CUPRINS REVISTA DE SILVICULTURĂ Ş
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EDITORIAL SILVICULTURES AND CINEGET
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FORESTRY POLICY SILVICULTURE AND CI
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Fiure 1. Emergency placement of for
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area, the following meteorological
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directions. The Banat Plain is cros
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FORESTRY BELTS SILVICULTURE AND CIN
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Silviculture and Cinegetics Review - Societatea Progresul Silvic

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