Biomass Feasibility Project Final Report - Xcel Energy

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Table of Contents FOREWORD OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................................... I Identifying Resources and Strategies ....................................................................................... i Chapter II & III: Biomass Fuels Available for Energy............................................................ i Chapter IV: Biomass Harvesting, Processing and Transportation ...................................iii Chapter V & VI: Power Conversion Technologies and Applications.............................iii Chapter VII: Government Policies, Incentives, and Financing .......................................v Selecting and Implementing Projects .................................................................................... vi Chapter VIII: Economic Evaluations.................................................................................... vi Chapter IX: Overcoming Barriers......................................................................................... vi Chapter X: Opportunities...................................................................................................... vi Chapter XI: Project Development Handbook ................................................................. vii Appendices: Manuals, Resources, and References....................................................... vii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................1 The Project: Identifying Effective Biomass Strategies ............................................................2 Project History...........................................................................................................................2 Mission .......................................................................................................................................3 Goals .........................................................................................................................................3 The Approach: Quantifying Minnesota’s Resources and Evaluating Future Opportunities................................................................................................................................4 Final Report...............................................................................................................................4 BioPET.........................................................................................................................................5 gopher.............................................................................................................................................5 CHAPTER II: BIOMASS FUELS............................................................................................................7 Biomass Categorizations............................................................................................................7 BioPET Assumptions and User-Defined Fields (UDFs)..........................................................8 Assessment ...............................................................................................................................8 Estimation of Feedstock Characteristics .................................................................................8 Agricultural Crops..................................................................................................................10 Crop Residues ........................................................................................................................12 Agricultural Processing Residues.........................................................................................14 Wood.......................................................................................................................................16 Manures ..................................................................................................................................18 Animal Processing .................................................................................................................20 Municipal Waste Streams.....................................................................................................22 Fossil Fuels ...............................................................................................................................22 Dedicated Energy Crops .....................................................................................................23 Notes on Data Resources.........................................................................................................24 Agriculture (Crops and Crop Residues) ............................................................................24 Agricultural Processing Wastes ...........................................................................................25 Wood.......................................................................................................................................26 Manures ..................................................................................................................................27 The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) .......................................................................27 Data on Municipal Sludge...................................................................................................28
Fuel Selection Considerations.................................................................................................28 CHAPTER III: BIOMASS AVAILABILITY FOR ENERGY ...................................................................30 Current Biomass Potential Relative to Statewide Energy Use ............................................30 From Theoretical to Technical to Economic Availability................................................31 Theoretical Biomass Energy Potential ................................................................................31 Technical Biomass Energy Potential...................................................................................32 Economic Biomass Energy Potential..................................................................................32 Categories with Greatest Economic Biomass Energy Potential ........................................34 Conversion to Units of Electricity.........................................................................................36 Comparing Theoretical, Technical and Economic Availability ....................................37 Comparing Costs of Biomass and Fossil Fuels ..................................................................38 Summary.....................................................................................................................................39 CHAPTER IV: BIOMASS HARVESTING, PROCESSING AND TRANSPORTATION ........................40 Harvesting agricultural biomass .............................................................................................40 Harvesting Timber......................................................................................................................40 Physical factors affecting biomass processing....................................................................41 Moisture Content...................................................................................................................41 Wood Particle Size.................................................................................................................41 Anaerobic Digester Particle Size.........................................................................................42 Chemical Composition and Physical Characteristics ....................................................43 Issues of Scale ........................................................................................................................44 Processing for Transportation ..................................................................................................44 Wood Chipping .....................................................................................................................45 Baling.......................................................................................................................................45 Pelleting ..................................................................................................................................46 Processing for Storage..............................................................................................................46 Baled Agricultural Biomass ..................................................................................................47 Woody Fuels ...........................................................................................................................47 Fuel Degradation and Decomposition .............................................................................48 Odors .......................................................................................................................................48 Processing Corn Stover for Wet Storage ...........................................................................49 Processing Biomass for Conversion to Power.......................................................................49 Biomass Transportation and Infrastructure........................................................................50 gopher...........................................................................................................................................50 CHAPTER V: BIO-POWER CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES .........................................................53 Direct Combustion ....................................................................................................................54 Pile Burners..............................................................................................................................55 Stoker Grates..........................................................................................................................55 Fluidized Beds.........................................................................................................................55 Suspension Burners ................................................................................................................56 Solving Problems in Biomass Combustion ............................................................................57 Alkali Compounds in Conventional Boilers.......................................................................57 Calcium Deposits in Fluidized Bed Boilers .........................................................................57 Gasification ................................................................................................................................59 Biological Gasification..........................................................................................................59 Thermal Gasification.............................................................................................................60 Liquefaction................................................................................................................................63
Page 1 and 2: FINAL REPORT Identifying Effective
Page 4 and 5: OVERVIEW The profile of bio-power (
Page 6 and 7: This net-net amount usable for fuel
Page 8 and 9: Chapter VII: Government Policies, I
Page 10: Chapter XI: Project Development Han
Page 15 and 16: Carbon Emissions Policy ...........
Page 17 and 18: APPENDIX D : DATA SOURCES .........
Page 19 and 20: Figure VII-1: A Timeline of Minneso
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION Bio-power
Page 24 and 25: into renewable technologies that su
Page 26 and 27: BioPET Figure I-2: BioPET Main Scre
Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER II : BIOMASS FUELS BIOMASS
Page 30 and 31: when evaluating individual projects
Page 32 and 33: 450,000 Corn Grain Corn Grain 51% 4
Page 34 and 35: For purposes of this analysis, all
Page 36 and 37: Billion Btu 70,000 60,000 50,000 40
Page 38 and 39: Billion Btu 300,000 250,000 200,000
Page 40 and 41: 30,000 Dairy Manure Hog Manure 19%
Page 42 and 43: Identifying Effective Biomass Strat
Page 44 and 45: Dedicated Energy Crops Crops raised
Page 46 and 47: primary purpose, like food, animal
Page 48 and 49: Manures Variability. Depending on t
Page 50 and 51: equipment, logistics, soil health,
Page 52 and 53: Even a limited contribution to Minn
Page 54 and 55: Since NASS doesn’t provide a simi
Page 56 and 57: Billion Btu 160,000 140,000 120,000
Page 58 and 59: Capacity Factor = The amount of tim
Page 60 and 61: $9.00 $0.06 $8.00 $7.00 $3.16 $ per
Page 62 and 63:
PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING BIOMASS
Page 64 and 65:
Thermal treatment of SSO also invol
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Wood Chipping Trees and logging res
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Baled Agricultural Biomass Preparin
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fuels exceeding the moisture conten
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• Rail. For most biomass plants,
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CHAPTER V : BIO-POWER CONVERSION TE
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Pile Burners Pile burners are a ver
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suspends them as they burn. Spreade
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Technology Type Table V-1: Emission
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Fuel (Gas) COMBUSTOR COMPRESSOR TUR
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• increased thermal to electrical
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Biodiesel has somewhat different ma
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Table V-4: Bio-Power Generation Res
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fuel plant to co-fire biomass than
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Co-Firing Gasified or Liquefied Bio
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esidues leave energy on the table b
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The industry’s most strenuous cha
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pulp from logs. Minnesota’s two c
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The result has been satisfactory, i
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City (plant name) Table VI-6: Ethan
Page 104 and 105:
cut energy consumption 10%. But his
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Laurentian Energy in Hibbing and Vi
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achieve a 50 reduction in overall e
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(Nelson and Lamb, 2002) Figure VI-4
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e a 75 MW plant using alfalfa stems
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District Energy’s intervention re
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Fibrominn Concerns about the enviro
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1994 Legislature - As part of the P
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Minnesota Jobs Opportunities Buildi
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Real Estate Tax Exemptions Since re
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For more information, contact Paul
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Fort Snelling, MN 55111-4007 612-71
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USDA Rural Development Because biom
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egion encompassing approximately 13
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the boundaries of the Taconite Assi
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certain communities located in inel
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Suitable borrowers. For-profit SBCs
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http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/js
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NEW POLICY INITIATIVES Community-Ba
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The Energy Act also established the
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Overall Structure Fuel Delivery Pat
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expenses, rate of return, inflation
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$0.350 295 kW CHP $0.300 $0.250 $0.
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plant characteristics and plant exp
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Table VIII-4: Power Plant Financial
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Table VIII-7: Scenario Definitions
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Disregarding the manure digester, t
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CHAPTER IX : OVERCOMING BARRIERS Mi
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Biomass also tends to have a low en
Page 162 and 163:
Learning more about the energy pote
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Recent projects in Minnesota and ne
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e calculated. Plants above 10 MW do
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To realize its goal, a mandate must
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alone. A decade or two from now, ev
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project in South Dakota because it
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surrounding air permits for biomass
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CHAPTER X : SEEKING OPPORTUNITIES W
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OPPORTUNITY 4: RETROFITTING EXISTIN
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for a full-time permit is more comp
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While this study did not focus spec
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Waste Landfill: a contract with a l
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pipelines, city water and sewer con
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ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS A bio-power p
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AIR PERMITS The Minnesota Pollution
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Rate Agreements Facilities of 10 M
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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RESOURCES The foll
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Cinergy Business Solutions - Combin
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Energy Efficiency and Renewable Ene
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Gordon, G. (2005, December 26). Wat
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McNeil Technologies, Inc. (2003). B
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Pollution Control Agency, ed. [PCA]
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Stephens, W.R. (2006, March). A Bio
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Xenergy and Energetic Management As
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OVERALL STRUCTURE The evaluation to
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Field Characteristics Energy Conten
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Feedstock Site Processing Yard (opt
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Storage Facility Figure A-6: Feedst
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“Logs” in the Navigation Menu.
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2001 legislation ordered Minnesota
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Figure A-10: Financial Assumption S
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Navigation Menu. Note that every ti
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Project Comparisons $0.140 $0.135 $
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APPENDIX B : INDUSTRY CONTACT LIST
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Clean Energy Resource Teams (CERTs)
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Home Farms Technologies Brandon, Ma
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RCM Digesters Berkeley, CA 94704 (5
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Table B-2: Categorized List CATEGOR
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CONSULTING RW Beck St. Paul, MN 551
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NON- PROFIT/ADVOCACY The Minnesota
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TECHNOLOGY VENDOR Recovered Energy
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INTRODUCTION APPENDIX D : DATA SOUR
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Sweet Corn Stalks • Inventory/Ava
Page 252 and 253:
Sugar Beets • Material Characteri
Page 254 and 255:
Aspen 8 • Material Characteristic
Page 256 and 257:
FOSSIL FUELS Minnesota Average Coal
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