Biomass Feasibility Project Final Report - Xcel Energy

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• increased thermal to electrical efficiencies, • lower emissions, and • lower treatment costs. Tars in a gasification system are removed either by a fuel reformer or by tar-destroying catalysts (Dayton, 2001). The lack of a more effective, less expensive tar removal process remains the primary barrier to widespread commercialization of combined-cycle power generators integrated with biomass gasifiers (Klein, 2002). Catalytic processes for reforming tar need to be better understood (Dayton, 2002). For the time being, conditioning hot gas with known catalysts is the best way to mitigate tars from biomass gasification (Dayton, 2002). Particulates. Like emissions from boilers, gasifier exhausts have to be treated by cyclone filters, barrier filters, electrostatic filters, or wet scrubbers (Stevens, 2001). Removing particulate from both biomass and coal efficiently will alleviate problems with them. LIQUEFACTION Pyrolysis By decomposing biomass in a vacuum at high temperatures, the process called pyrolysis can produce raw material for fuels to generate electricity. Pyrolysis creates a solid char, liquids called pyrolitics, oxygenated oils, and bio-oils, and the gases methane, CO, and CO2. Bio-oil On that menu, the liquid, bio-oil, has interesting potential as a fuel. It is not a hydrocarbon but a single phase, low pH liquid containing as many as 400 different chemical compounds. 2 It includes more water (15 to 40%) than hydrocarbon fuels, and less energy by volume (Ensyn Group, Inc., 2001; Diebold, 2000). That high water content and low pH dictate the use of corrosion-resistant materials in its handling and storage. In storage, bio-oils can change chemically and physically, increasing in viscosity, losing volatile compounds, polymerizing, and separating into tarry, sludgy, waxy and thin aqueous phases (Diebold, 2000). Thus storage can compromise bio-oil’s use as a fuel source. But certain treatments, like solids filtration, alcohol dilution, and emulsification with diesel fuel, can help preserve the stability and combustion properties of bio-oils in storage (Chiaramonti, Oasmaa, and Solanausta, 2007). Bio-oil has been used successfully in internal combustion engines, boilers and combustion turbines to generate electricity, but its effect on generating equipment can be a problem (Oasmaa, Peacocke, Gust, Meier, and McLellan, 2005). Bio-oil has a well-documented ability to corrode fuel lines and gaskets, as well as foul and corrode fuel injectors and other metal surfaces (Chiaramonti, et. al. 2007). 2 The composition of bio-oils varies considerably with the initial biomass source materials. One consequence of this variability of bio-oil composition is significant variability in storage stability and combustion characteristics. Identifying Effective <strong>Biomass</strong> Strategies: Page 63 Quantifying Minnesota’s Resources and Evaluating Future Opportunities
To date at least three commercial facilities have successfully used bio-oil as a fuel source. One has used bio-oil to generate electricity, one has used it for heat, and one has used it for combined heat and power. • In Wisconsin, the Manitowoc Public Utilities Power Generation Station successfully co-fired bio-oil from the nearby Red Arrow Products Company at a 5% rate in a 20 MW coal-fired boiler (Ensyn Group, Inc. 2001; Sturzl, 1997). • Red Arrow eventually began to use bio-oil to make their own heat and discontinued deliveries to Manitowoc Public Utilities. • In West Lorne, Ontario, the DynaMotive <strong>Energy</strong> Systems Corporation has installed at a wood floor manufacturing facility a fast pyrolysis plant that converts sawdust to bio-oil. The bio-oil provides heat and fuels a 2.5 MW combustion turbine (Stephens, 2006). DynaMotive recently signed a contract with the Ontario Power Authority, under Ontario’s Standard Offer Program, to provide power to the grid ("Dyanmotive", 2007). Biodiesel Biodiesel, which is refined from bio-oil, is best known as a bio-based transportation fuel that substitutes for petroleum diesel fuel. But it also can power an electric generator through an internal combustion engine, combustion turbine, or boiler. Minnesota’s Biodiesel Mandate requires that all diesel fuel sold for use in an internal combustion engine contain at least 2% biodiesel fuel by volume (Biodiesel Content Mandate, 2006). This means that all utilities and institutions in Minnesota operating diesel-powered generators, or gensets, now consume B2 fuel. Blended at low levels (
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FINAL REPORT Identifying Effective
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OVERVIEW The profile of bio-power (
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This net-net amount usable for fuel
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Chapter VII: Government Policies, I
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Chapter XI: Project Development Han
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Fuel Selection Considerations......
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Carbon Emissions Policy ...........
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APPENDIX D : DATA SOURCES .........
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Figure VII-1: A Timeline of Minneso
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CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION Bio-power
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into renewable technologies that su
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BioPET Figure I-2: BioPET Main Scre
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CHAPTER II : BIOMASS FUELS BIOMASS
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when evaluating individual projects
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450,000 Corn Grain Corn Grain 51% 4
Page 34 and 35: For purposes of this analysis, all
Page 36 and 37: Billion Btu 70,000 60,000 50,000 40
Page 38 and 39: Billion Btu 300,000 250,000 200,000
Page 40 and 41: 30,000 Dairy Manure Hog Manure 19%
Page 42 and 43: Identifying Effective Biomass Strat
Page 44 and 45: Dedicated Energy Crops Crops raised
Page 46 and 47: primary purpose, like food, animal
Page 48 and 49: Manures Variability. Depending on t
Page 50 and 51: equipment, logistics, soil health,
Page 52 and 53: Even a limited contribution to Minn
Page 54 and 55: Since NASS doesn’t provide a simi
Page 56 and 57: Billion Btu 160,000 140,000 120,000
Page 58 and 59: Capacity Factor = The amount of tim
Page 60 and 61: $9.00 $0.06 $8.00 $7.00 $3.16 $ per
Page 62 and 63: PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING BIOMASS
Page 64 and 65: Thermal treatment of SSO also invol
Page 66 and 67: Wood Chipping Trees and logging res
Page 68 and 69: Baled Agricultural Biomass Preparin
Page 70 and 71: fuels exceeding the moisture conten
Page 72 and 73: • Rail. For most biomass plants,
Page 74 and 75: CHAPTER V : BIO-POWER CONVERSION TE
Page 76 and 77: Pile Burners Pile burners are a ver
Page 78 and 79: suspends them as they burn. Spreade
Page 80 and 81: Technology Type Table V-1: Emission
Page 82 and 83: Fuel (Gas) COMBUSTOR COMPRESSOR TUR
Page 86 and 87: Biodiesel has somewhat different ma
Page 88 and 89: Table V-4: Bio-Power Generation Res
Page 90 and 91: fuel plant to co-fire biomass than
Page 92 and 93: Co-Firing Gasified or Liquefied Bio
Page 94 and 95: esidues leave energy on the table b
Page 96 and 97: The industry’s most strenuous cha
Page 98 and 99: pulp from logs. Minnesota’s two c
Page 100 and 101: The result has been satisfactory, i
Page 102 and 103: City (plant name) Table VI-6: Ethan
Page 104 and 105: cut energy consumption 10%. But his
Page 106 and 107: Laurentian Energy in Hibbing and Vi
Page 108 and 109: achieve a 50 reduction in overall e
Page 110 and 111: (Nelson and Lamb, 2002) Figure VI-4
Page 112 and 113: e a 75 MW plant using alfalfa stems
Page 114 and 115: District Energy’s intervention re
Page 116 and 117: Fibrominn Concerns about the enviro
Page 118 and 119: 1994 Legislature - As part of the P
Page 120 and 121: Minnesota Jobs Opportunities Buildi
Page 122 and 123: Real Estate Tax Exemptions Since re
Page 124 and 125: For more information, contact Paul
Page 126 and 127: Fort Snelling, MN 55111-4007 612-71
Page 128 and 129: USDA Rural Development Because biom
Page 130 and 131: egion encompassing approximately 13
Page 132 and 133: the boundaries of the Taconite Assi
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certain communities located in inel
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Suitable borrowers. For-profit SBCs
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http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/js
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NEW POLICY INITIATIVES Community-Ba
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The Energy Act also established the
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Overall Structure Fuel Delivery Pat
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expenses, rate of return, inflation
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$0.350 295 kW CHP $0.300 $0.250 $0.
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plant characteristics and plant exp
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Table VIII-4: Power Plant Financial
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Table VIII-7: Scenario Definitions
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Disregarding the manure digester, t
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CHAPTER IX : OVERCOMING BARRIERS Mi
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Biomass also tends to have a low en
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Learning more about the energy pote
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Recent projects in Minnesota and ne
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e calculated. Plants above 10 MW do
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To realize its goal, a mandate must
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alone. A decade or two from now, ev
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project in South Dakota because it
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surrounding air permits for biomass
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CHAPTER X : SEEKING OPPORTUNITIES W
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OPPORTUNITY 4: RETROFITTING EXISTIN
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for a full-time permit is more comp
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While this study did not focus spec
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Waste Landfill: a contract with a l
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pipelines, city water and sewer con
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ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS A bio-power p
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AIR PERMITS The Minnesota Pollution
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Rate Agreements Facilities of 10 M
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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RESOURCES The foll
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Cinergy Business Solutions - Combin
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Energy Efficiency and Renewable Ene
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Gordon, G. (2005, December 26). Wat
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McNeil Technologies, Inc. (2003). B
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Pollution Control Agency, ed. [PCA]
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Stephens, W.R. (2006, March). A Bio
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Xenergy and Energetic Management As
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OVERALL STRUCTURE The evaluation to
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Field Characteristics Energy Conten
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Feedstock Site Processing Yard (opt
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Storage Facility Figure A-6: Feedst
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“Logs” in the Navigation Menu.
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2001 legislation ordered Minnesota
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Figure A-10: Financial Assumption S
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Navigation Menu. Note that every ti
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Project Comparisons $0.140 $0.135 $
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APPENDIX B : INDUSTRY CONTACT LIST
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Clean Energy Resource Teams (CERTs)
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Home Farms Technologies Brandon, Ma
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RCM Digesters Berkeley, CA 94704 (5
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Table B-2: Categorized List CATEGOR
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CONSULTING RW Beck St. Paul, MN 551
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NON- PROFIT/ADVOCACY The Minnesota
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TECHNOLOGY VENDOR Recovered Energy
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INTRODUCTION APPENDIX D : DATA SOUR
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Sweet Corn Stalks • Inventory/Ava
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Sugar Beets • Material Characteri
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Aspen 8 • Material Characteristic
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FOSSIL FUELS Minnesota Average Coal
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Biomass Feasibility Project Final Report - Xcel Energy

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