Biomass Feasibility Project Final Report - Xcel Energy

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Stephens, W.R. (2006, March). A Biofuel of a Similar Line. Biodiesel Magazine. Stevens, D.J. (2001). Hot Gas Conditioning: Recent Progress with Larger-Scale Biomass Gasification Systems. (NREL/SR-510-29952) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved August 5, 2007 from http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29952.pdf St. Paul Cogeneration. (2000, June 22). St. Paul Cogeneration's Reply Comments. Docket E- 002/M-96. Sturzl, R. (1997). The Commercial Co-Firing of RTP Bio-Oil at the Manitowoc Public Utilities Power Generating Station. Manitowoc Public Utilities. Retrieved August 5, 2007 from http://www.ensyn.com/docs/manitowoc/manitowoc.htm. Swanson, G. (2004, April 7). Hibbing, Virginia Agree on Biomass Energy Venture. The Daily Tribune. Tallaksen, J. (2007, March 17). Looking Toward the Next Generation of Agricultural Energy Crops. Morris Sun Tribune. Tiffany, D. G. (2005). Economic Analysis: Co-generation Using Wind and Biodiesel-Powered Generators. Department of Applied Economics University of Minnesota. Tiffany, D. G., Fruin, J. E. (1995). Sustainable Biomass Energy Production. Center for Alternative Plant and Animal Products, University of Minnesota Tilman, D, Reich, P.B., Knops, J., Wedin, D., Mielke, T., and Lehman, C. (2001). Diversity and Productivity in a Long-Term Grassland Experiment. Science, 294, 843-845. Trigen - Cinergy Joint Venture to Develop 25MW Biomass Cogen Plant in St. Paul. (1999, January 15, 1999). Utility Environment Report. Trillium Planning & Development. (2002). Combined Heat & Power from Biomass: Former South Side Destructor. Center for Rural Policy & Development and The Green Institute. University of Missouri Extension [UME]. (2006). By-Product Feed Price Listing. Retrieved Spring 2007 from http://agebb.missouri.edu/dairy/byprod/bplist.asp University of Minnesota (2004). State of Minnesota 2004 Capital Budget Request: University of Minnesota Project Narrative Morris - District Facilities. Retrieved August 6, 2007 from http://www.budget.state.mn.us/budget/capital/2004/final/233691.pdf University of Minnesota Extension Service [UMES]. (2006). Upper Midwest Haylist. Retrieved Spring 2007 from http://www.haylist.umn.edu U.S. Census. 2000. Census 2000. United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html U.S. Department of Agriculture [USDA]. (2006). Monthly Contract Report: Practice Summary for Active Crep Contracts for All Program Years (1998-2007). Retrieved August 5, 2007 from http://content.fsa.usda.gov/crpstorpt/09Approved/r1meprtw/MN.HTM U.S. Department of Agriculture [USDA]. (2007a). Biomass Gasification: a Comprehensive Demonstration of a Community-Scale Biomass Energy System Identifying Effective Biomass Strategies: Page 185 Quantifying Minnesota’s Resources and Evaluating Future Opportunities
U.S. Department of Agriculture [USDA]. (2007b). National Hay, Feed & Seed Weekly Summary. Retrieved on August 6, 2007 from http://www.ams.usda.gov/LSMNpubs/pdf_weekly/feedseed.pdf U.S. Department of Agriculture [USDA]. (2007c). Livestock Grain and Market News (LGMN). Retrieved on August 6, 2007 from http://marketnews.usda.gov/portal/lg U.S. Forest Service. (n.d.). Forest Inventory Analysis. Retrieved Spring 2006 from http://www.fia.fs.fed.us/ Wald, M.L. (2006). Corn Power Put to the Test. New York Times. Wald, M. (2007, July 10). Costs Surge for Building New Power Plants. The New York Times. Retrieved on August 6, 2007 from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/10/business/worldbusiness/10energy.htmlex=1186545600&en =7cd1fb882d0e7e9d&ei=5070 Washington State University. (n.d.). Compost Images. Retrieved August 6, 2007 from http://organic.tfrec.wsu.edu/compost/ImagesWeb/CompImages.html Webb, T., (2006, June 28). Ethanol Plans Threaten Corn Shortage. Saint Paul Pioneer Press. Williams, R.H. Larson, E.D. (1993). Advanced Gasification-Based Biomass Power Generation. Renewable Energy: Sources for Fuels and Electricity. Island Press. Williams, R.H. and Larson, E.D. (1996). Biomass Gasifier Gas Turbine Power Generating Technology. Biomass and Bioenergy 10(203), 149-166. Retrieved August 5, 2007 from http://www.princeton.edu/~energy/publications/pdf/1996/Williams_96_Biomass_Gasifier_Gas_Tu rbine.pdf Wilson, C. (2007, July 7). Sucked Dry. City Pages. Wiltsee, G. (2000). Lessons Learned from Existing Biomass Power Plants. (NREL/SR-570-26946) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved August 5, 2007 from http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/26946.pdf. Xcel Energy. (2003, February 27). Proposed Plan Pursuant to Minn. Stat 216B2424 and Related Petitions. Docket E002/M-03-306. Xcel Energy. (2004, August 9). Report on Power Purchase Agreements and Resource Acquisition in Docket Nos. E002/M-01-168, E002/M-04-91, E002/M-00-1169, Docket No. E002/Cl-03-2044, E002/M-04-998, E002/M-04-451, E002/M-04-864, E002/M-04-404, E002/M-04-1426 Xcel Energy. (2005, February 9). Report on Power Purchase Agreements and Resource Acquisition in Docket Nos. E002/M-01-168, E002/M-04-91, E002/M-00-1169, Docket No. E002/Cl- 03-2044, E002/M-04-998, E002/M-04-451, E002/M-04-864, E002/M-04-404, E002/M-04-1426 Xcel Energy. (2006, January 31, 2006). Report on Power Purchase Agreements and Resource Acquisition. Dockets E002/M-01-1618, E002/M-00-1169. Xcel Energy. (2007). Renewable Development Fund Request for Proposals: Third Funding Cycle. Retrieved August 6, 2007 from http://www.xcelenergy.com/docs/RDFCycle3RFP.pdf Page 186 Identifying Effective Biomass Strategies: Quantifying Minnesota’s Resources and Evaluating Future Opportunities
Page 1 and 2:
FINAL REPORT Identifying Effective
Page 4 and 5:
OVERVIEW The profile of bio-power (
Page 6 and 7:
This net-net amount usable for fuel
Page 8 and 9:
Chapter VII: Government Policies, I
Page 10:
Chapter XI: Project Development Han
Page 13 and 14:
Fuel Selection Considerations......
Page 15 and 16:
Carbon Emissions Policy ...........
Page 17 and 18:
APPENDIX D : DATA SOURCES .........
Page 19 and 20:
Figure VII-1: A Timeline of Minneso
Page 22 and 23:
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION Bio-power
Page 24 and 25:
into renewable technologies that su
Page 26 and 27:
BioPET Figure I-2: BioPET Main Scre
Page 28 and 29:
CHAPTER II : BIOMASS FUELS BIOMASS
Page 30 and 31:
when evaluating individual projects
Page 32 and 33:
450,000 Corn Grain Corn Grain 51% 4
Page 34 and 35:
For purposes of this analysis, all
Page 36 and 37:
Billion Btu 70,000 60,000 50,000 40
Page 38 and 39:
Billion Btu 300,000 250,000 200,000
Page 40 and 41:
30,000 Dairy Manure Hog Manure 19%
Page 42 and 43:
Identifying Effective Biomass Strat
Page 44 and 45:
Dedicated Energy Crops Crops raised
Page 46 and 47:
primary purpose, like food, animal
Page 48 and 49:
Manures Variability. Depending on t
Page 50 and 51:
equipment, logistics, soil health,
Page 52 and 53:
Even a limited contribution to Minn
Page 54 and 55:
Since NASS doesn’t provide a simi
Page 56 and 57:
Billion Btu 160,000 140,000 120,000
Page 58 and 59:
Capacity Factor = The amount of tim
Page 60 and 61:
$9.00 $0.06 $8.00 $7.00 $3.16 $ per
Page 62 and 63:
PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING BIOMASS
Page 64 and 65:
Thermal treatment of SSO also invol
Page 66 and 67:
Wood Chipping Trees and logging res
Page 68 and 69:
Baled Agricultural Biomass Preparin
Page 70 and 71:
fuels exceeding the moisture conten
Page 72 and 73:
• Rail. For most biomass plants,
Page 74 and 75:
CHAPTER V : BIO-POWER CONVERSION TE
Page 76 and 77:
Pile Burners Pile burners are a ver
Page 78 and 79:
suspends them as they burn. Spreade
Page 80 and 81:
Technology Type Table V-1: Emission
Page 82 and 83:
Fuel (Gas) COMBUSTOR COMPRESSOR TUR
Page 84 and 85:
• increased thermal to electrical
Page 86 and 87:
Biodiesel has somewhat different ma
Page 88 and 89:
Table V-4: Bio-Power Generation Res
Page 90 and 91:
fuel plant to co-fire biomass than
Page 92 and 93:
Co-Firing Gasified or Liquefied Bio
Page 94 and 95:
esidues leave energy on the table b
Page 96 and 97:
The industry’s most strenuous cha
Page 98 and 99:
pulp from logs. Minnesota’s two c
Page 100 and 101:
The result has been satisfactory, i
Page 102 and 103:
City (plant name) Table VI-6: Ethan
Page 104 and 105:
cut energy consumption 10%. But his
Page 106 and 107:
Laurentian Energy in Hibbing and Vi
Page 108 and 109:
achieve a 50 reduction in overall e
Page 110 and 111:
(Nelson and Lamb, 2002) Figure VI-4
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e a 75 MW plant using alfalfa stems
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District Energy’s intervention re
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Fibrominn Concerns about the enviro
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1994 Legislature - As part of the P
Page 120 and 121:
Minnesota Jobs Opportunities Buildi
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Real Estate Tax Exemptions Since re
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For more information, contact Paul
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Fort Snelling, MN 55111-4007 612-71
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USDA Rural Development Because biom
Page 130 and 131:
egion encompassing approximately 13
Page 132 and 133:
the boundaries of the Taconite Assi
Page 134 and 135:
certain communities located in inel
Page 136 and 137:
Suitable borrowers. For-profit SBCs
Page 138 and 139:
http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/js
Page 140 and 141:
NEW POLICY INITIATIVES Community-Ba
Page 142 and 143:
The Energy Act also established the
Page 144 and 145:
Overall Structure Fuel Delivery Pat
Page 146 and 147:
expenses, rate of return, inflation
Page 148 and 149:
$0.350 295 kW CHP $0.300 $0.250 $0.
Page 150 and 151:
plant characteristics and plant exp
Page 152 and 153:
Table VIII-4: Power Plant Financial
Page 154 and 155:
Table VIII-7: Scenario Definitions
Page 156 and 157: Disregarding the manure digester, t
Page 158 and 159: CHAPTER IX : OVERCOMING BARRIERS Mi
Page 160 and 161: Biomass also tends to have a low en
Page 162 and 163: Learning more about the energy pote
Page 164 and 165: Recent projects in Minnesota and ne
Page 166 and 167: e calculated. Plants above 10 MW do
Page 168 and 169: To realize its goal, a mandate must
Page 170 and 171: alone. A decade or two from now, ev
Page 172 and 173: project in South Dakota because it
Page 174 and 175: surrounding air permits for biomass
Page 176 and 177: CHAPTER X : SEEKING OPPORTUNITIES W
Page 178 and 179: OPPORTUNITY 4: RETROFITTING EXISTIN
Page 180 and 181: for a full-time permit is more comp
Page 182 and 183: While this study did not focus spec
Page 184 and 185: Waste Landfill: a contract with a l
Page 186 and 187: pipelines, city water and sewer con
Page 188 and 189: ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS A bio-power p
Page 190 and 191: AIR PERMITS The Minnesota Pollution
Page 192 and 193: Rate Agreements Facilities of 10 M
Page 194 and 195: BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RESOURCES The foll
Page 196 and 197: Cinergy Business Solutions - Combin
Page 198 and 199: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Ene
Page 200 and 201: Gordon, G. (2005, December 26). Wat
Page 202 and 203: McNeil Technologies, Inc. (2003). B
Page 204 and 205: Pollution Control Agency, ed. [PCA]
Page 208: Xenergy and Energetic Management As
Page 211 and 212: OVERALL STRUCTURE The evaluation to
Page 213 and 214: Field Characteristics Energy Conten
Page 215 and 216: Feedstock Site Processing Yard (opt
Page 217 and 218: Storage Facility Figure A-6: Feedst
Page 219 and 220: “Logs” in the Navigation Menu.
Page 221 and 222: 2001 legislation ordered Minnesota
Page 223 and 224: Figure A-10: Financial Assumption S
Page 225 and 226: Navigation Menu. Note that every ti
Page 227 and 228: Project Comparisons $0.140 $0.135 $
Page 230 and 231: APPENDIX B : INDUSTRY CONTACT LIST
Page 232 and 233: Clean Energy Resource Teams (CERTs)
Page 234 and 235: Home Farms Technologies Brandon, Ma
Page 236 and 237: RCM Digesters Berkeley, CA 94704 (5
Page 238 and 239: Table B-2: Categorized List CATEGOR
Page 240 and 241: CONSULTING RW Beck St. Paul, MN 551
Page 242 and 243: NON- PROFIT/ADVOCACY The Minnesota
Page 244: TECHNOLOGY VENDOR Recovered Energy
Page 248 and 249: INTRODUCTION APPENDIX D : DATA SOUR
Page 250 and 251: Sweet Corn Stalks • Inventory/Ava
Page 252 and 253: Sugar Beets • Material Characteri
Page 254 and 255: Aspen 8 • Material Characteristic
Page 256 and 257:
FOSSIL FUELS Minnesota Average Coal
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