Biomass Feasibility Project Final Report - Xcel Energy

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Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy [EERE]. (2004). Biomass Feedstock Composition and Property Database. Department of Energy. Retrieved on August 7, 2007 from http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/feedstock_databases.html Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy [EERE]. (2006). Renewable Energy Certificate Retail Products (as of July 2006). Department of Energy. Retrieved March 13, 2007 from http://www.eere.energy.gov/greenpower/markets/certificates.shtmlpage=1 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy and Electric Power Research Institute [EERE and EPRI]. (1997). Renewable Energy Technology Characterizations. (TR-109496), U.S. Department of Energy and EPRI. Retrieved August 5, 2007 from http://www.eere.energy.gov/ba/pdfs/entire_document.pdf Energy Information Administration [EIA]. (1999). Annual Electric Generator Report – Nonutility. Form EIA-860B. Energy Information Administration [EIA]. (2001). Renewable Energy 2000: Issues and Trends. Retrieved August 5, 2007 from http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/rea_issues/062800.pdf Energy Information Administration [EIA]. (2002). Renewable Energy Annual 2001. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved August 5, 2007 from http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/renewables/060301.pdf Energy Information Administration [EIA]. (2005a). Annual Energy Outlook 2005. Energy Information Administration. Energy Information Administration [EIA]. (2005b). Renewable Energy Trends 2004. Energy Information Administration. Energy Information Administration [EIA]. (2006a). Average Price of Coal Delivered to End Use Sector by Census Division and State, 2005, 2004 (Dollars Per Short Ton). Retrieved August 6, 2007 from http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/acr/table34.html Energy Information Administration [EIA]. (2006b). State Energy Profiles: Minnesota. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved Spring 2007 from http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfmsid=MN Energy Information Administration [EIA]. (2006c). Retail Sales of Electricity by State by Sector by Provider (EIA-861). Energy Information Administration. Retrieved August 6, 2007 from http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/sales_state.xls Energy Information Administration [EIA]. (2006d). Electric Power Annual 2005 - State Data Tables. Energy Information Agency, Energy Information Administration [EIA]. (2006e). Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2006. Energy Information Agency. (DOE/EIA-0554(2006). Energy Information Administration [EIA]. (2007). Methodology for Allocating Municipal Solid Waste to Biogenic and Non-Biogenic Energy. Energy Information Administration Energy Products of Idaho. (n.d.). Retrieved August 6, 2007 from http://www.energyproducts.com/images/Fbb33d.gif Identifying Effective Biomass Strategies: Page 177 Quantifying Minnesota’s Resources and Evaluating Future Opportunities
Ensyn Group, Inc. (2001, June). The Conversion of Wood and Other Biomass to Bio-Oil. Retrieved August 6, 2007 from http://www.ensyn.com/info/01062001.pdf. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. (2006). Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database. Environmental Quality Board [EQB]. (1998). Guide to Minnesota Environmental Rules. Retrieved August 29, 2007 from http://www.eqb.state.mn.us/pdf/rulguid3.pdf. Environmental Quality Board [EQB]. (2001a). Inventory of Cogeneration Potential in Minnesota. Environmental Quality Board [EQB]. (2001b). Minnesota Environmental Quality Board's Findings of Fact, Conclusions, and Order Granting Exemption for Fibrominn Biomass Power Plant. European Commission. (2000). Addressing the Constraints for Successful Replication of Demonstrated Techynologies for Co-combustion of Biomass/Waste (DIS/1743/98-NL). Retrieved on August 7, 2007 from http://www.ieabcc.nl/publications/report_barriers_cocombustn.pdf Farrell, A. E., Plevin, R. J., Turner, B. T., Jones, A. D., O'Hare, M., Kammen, D. M. (2006). Ethanol Can Contribute to Energy and Environmental Goals. Science 311 (506) Fehrs, J. E. (2000). Vermont Methane Pilot Project: Resource Assessment. Federal Energy Management Program [FEMP]. (2004). Biomass Cofiring in Coal-Fired Boilers. (DOE/EE-0288). Retrieved August 5, 2007 from http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/33811.pdf. Fibrominn. (n.d.). Retrieved June 13, 2007 from http://www.bensonmn.org/fibrominn/intro.htm. Financing for US Biomass Clone Complete. (2005, February 12) Modern Power Systems. Foster Wheeler Ltd. Awarded Contract for Biomass Boilers in Minnesota (2005, October 6). Reuters. Foth & Van Dyke and Associates, Inc. (2006, July). Analysis of a Biomass/RDF Facility at Rock- Tenn. Retrieved August 5, 2007 from http://www.co.ramsey.mn.us/recovery/docs/R_Rock_Tenn_Analysis.pdf Gaur, S. and Reed, T.B. (1998). Thermal Data for Natural and Synthetic Fuels. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. Gillam, C. (2007). Dung Power at U.S. Ethanol Plant. Yahoo! News. Glassner, D. A., Hettenhaus, J. R., and Schechinger, T. M. (1998). Corn Stover Collection Project, in BioEnergy '98: Expanding BioEnergy Partnerships. Goldstein, N. (2005, August). Source Separated Organics as a Feedstock for Digesters. BioCycle Magazine, 46(8), 42. Retrieved August 5, 2007 from http://www.jgpress.com/archives/_free/000508.html Goodrich, P. E. (2005). Anaerobic Digester Systems for Mid-Sized Dairy Farms. The Minnesota Project. Retrieved August 5, 2007 from http://www.mnproject.org/pdf/agstar%20report%20full%20update.pdf Page 178 Identifying Effective Biomass Strategies: Quantifying Minnesota’s Resources and Evaluating Future Opportunities
Page 1 and 2:
FINAL REPORT Identifying Effective
Page 4 and 5:
OVERVIEW The profile of bio-power (
Page 6 and 7:
This net-net amount usable for fuel
Page 8 and 9:
Chapter VII: Government Policies, I
Page 10:
Chapter XI: Project Development Han
Page 13 and 14:
Fuel Selection Considerations......
Page 15 and 16:
Carbon Emissions Policy ...........
Page 17 and 18:
APPENDIX D : DATA SOURCES .........
Page 19 and 20:
Figure VII-1: A Timeline of Minneso
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CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION Bio-power
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into renewable technologies that su
Page 26 and 27:
BioPET Figure I-2: BioPET Main Scre
Page 28 and 29:
CHAPTER II : BIOMASS FUELS BIOMASS
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when evaluating individual projects
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450,000 Corn Grain Corn Grain 51% 4
Page 34 and 35:
For purposes of this analysis, all
Page 36 and 37:
Billion Btu 70,000 60,000 50,000 40
Page 38 and 39:
Billion Btu 300,000 250,000 200,000
Page 40 and 41:
30,000 Dairy Manure Hog Manure 19%
Page 42 and 43:
Identifying Effective Biomass Strat
Page 44 and 45:
Dedicated Energy Crops Crops raised
Page 46 and 47:
primary purpose, like food, animal
Page 48 and 49:
Manures Variability. Depending on t
Page 50 and 51:
equipment, logistics, soil health,
Page 52 and 53:
Even a limited contribution to Minn
Page 54 and 55:
Since NASS doesn’t provide a simi
Page 56 and 57:
Billion Btu 160,000 140,000 120,000
Page 58 and 59:
Capacity Factor = The amount of tim
Page 60 and 61:
$9.00 $0.06 $8.00 $7.00 $3.16 $ per
Page 62 and 63:
PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING BIOMASS
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Thermal treatment of SSO also invol
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Wood Chipping Trees and logging res
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Baled Agricultural Biomass Preparin
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fuels exceeding the moisture conten
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• Rail. For most biomass plants,
Page 74 and 75:
CHAPTER V : BIO-POWER CONVERSION TE
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Pile Burners Pile burners are a ver
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suspends them as they burn. Spreade
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Technology Type Table V-1: Emission
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Fuel (Gas) COMBUSTOR COMPRESSOR TUR
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• increased thermal to electrical
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Biodiesel has somewhat different ma
Page 88 and 89:
Table V-4: Bio-Power Generation Res
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fuel plant to co-fire biomass than
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Co-Firing Gasified or Liquefied Bio
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esidues leave energy on the table b
Page 96 and 97:
The industry’s most strenuous cha
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pulp from logs. Minnesota’s two c
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The result has been satisfactory, i
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City (plant name) Table VI-6: Ethan
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cut energy consumption 10%. But his
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Laurentian Energy in Hibbing and Vi
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achieve a 50 reduction in overall e
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(Nelson and Lamb, 2002) Figure VI-4
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e a 75 MW plant using alfalfa stems
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District Energy’s intervention re
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Fibrominn Concerns about the enviro
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1994 Legislature - As part of the P
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Minnesota Jobs Opportunities Buildi
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Real Estate Tax Exemptions Since re
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For more information, contact Paul
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Fort Snelling, MN 55111-4007 612-71
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USDA Rural Development Because biom
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egion encompassing approximately 13
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the boundaries of the Taconite Assi
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certain communities located in inel
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Suitable borrowers. For-profit SBCs
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http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/js
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NEW POLICY INITIATIVES Community-Ba
Page 142 and 143:
The Energy Act also established the
Page 144 and 145:
Overall Structure Fuel Delivery Pat
Page 146 and 147:
expenses, rate of return, inflation
Page 148 and 149: $0.350 295 kW CHP $0.300 $0.250 $0.
Page 150 and 151: plant characteristics and plant exp
Page 152 and 153: Table VIII-4: Power Plant Financial
Page 154 and 155: Table VIII-7: Scenario Definitions
Page 156 and 157: Disregarding the manure digester, t
Page 158 and 159: CHAPTER IX : OVERCOMING BARRIERS Mi
Page 160 and 161: Biomass also tends to have a low en
Page 162 and 163: Learning more about the energy pote
Page 164 and 165: Recent projects in Minnesota and ne
Page 166 and 167: e calculated. Plants above 10 MW do
Page 168 and 169: To realize its goal, a mandate must
Page 170 and 171: alone. A decade or two from now, ev
Page 172 and 173: project in South Dakota because it
Page 174 and 175: surrounding air permits for biomass
Page 176 and 177: CHAPTER X : SEEKING OPPORTUNITIES W
Page 178 and 179: OPPORTUNITY 4: RETROFITTING EXISTIN
Page 180 and 181: for a full-time permit is more comp
Page 182 and 183: While this study did not focus spec
Page 184 and 185: Waste Landfill: a contract with a l
Page 186 and 187: pipelines, city water and sewer con
Page 188 and 189: ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS A bio-power p
Page 190 and 191: AIR PERMITS The Minnesota Pollution
Page 192 and 193: Rate Agreements Facilities of 10 M
Page 194 and 195: BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RESOURCES The foll
Page 196 and 197: Cinergy Business Solutions - Combin
Page 200 and 201: Gordon, G. (2005, December 26). Wat
Page 202 and 203: McNeil Technologies, Inc. (2003). B
Page 204 and 205: Pollution Control Agency, ed. [PCA]
Page 206 and 207: Stephens, W.R. (2006, March). A Bio
Page 208: Xenergy and Energetic Management As
Page 211 and 212: OVERALL STRUCTURE The evaluation to
Page 213 and 214: Field Characteristics Energy Conten
Page 215 and 216: Feedstock Site Processing Yard (opt
Page 217 and 218: Storage Facility Figure A-6: Feedst
Page 219 and 220: “Logs” in the Navigation Menu.
Page 221 and 222: 2001 legislation ordered Minnesota
Page 223 and 224: Figure A-10: Financial Assumption S
Page 225 and 226: Navigation Menu. Note that every ti
Page 227 and 228: Project Comparisons $0.140 $0.135 $
Page 230 and 231: APPENDIX B : INDUSTRY CONTACT LIST
Page 232 and 233: Clean Energy Resource Teams (CERTs)
Page 234 and 235: Home Farms Technologies Brandon, Ma
Page 236 and 237: RCM Digesters Berkeley, CA 94704 (5
Page 238 and 239: Table B-2: Categorized List CATEGOR
Page 240 and 241: CONSULTING RW Beck St. Paul, MN 551
Page 242 and 243: NON- PROFIT/ADVOCACY The Minnesota
Page 244: TECHNOLOGY VENDOR Recovered Energy
Page 248 and 249:
INTRODUCTION APPENDIX D : DATA SOUR
Page 250 and 251:
Sweet Corn Stalks • Inventory/Ava
Page 252 and 253:
Sugar Beets • Material Characteri
Page 254 and 255:
Aspen 8 • Material Characteristic
Page 256 and 257:
FOSSIL FUELS Minnesota Average Coal
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