Biomass Feasibility Project Final Report - Xcel Energy

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Technology Type Table V-1: Emission Rates (lbs/MWh) for Various Energy Technologies Natural Gas (1) Generic Natural Gas Fired Turbine Combined Cycle Plant Coal (1) Oil (1) Direct Combustion Biomass (1) Generic Generic Typical Utility Utility Stoker Boiler Boiler Grate Firing Firing Wood-Fired Bituminous Only Biomass Coal Plant No. 6 Plant Fuel Gasification (2) Combined Cycle Biomass Gasification Plant Landfill Gas/Biogas (3) Typical Gas Turbine (>3 MW) Landfill Gas/Biogas (3) Fuel Cell (PAFC) NOX 0.06 3.1 2.5 1.5 1.08 0.44-2.2 0.003 CO 0.03 0.21 0.35 3.556 0.001 0.6 0.015 SO2 0.02 15 10.4 0.4 0.58 0.65 0.006 PM 0.08 1.5 0.87 1.5 0.05 0.07 Negligible CO2 750 2,296 1,708 3,407 1,962 1,958-3,132 1,078 (Xenergy and Energetic Management Associates, 2003) 1. Massachusetts Biomass Energy Working Group Technology Assessment, 2001 2. Mann, M & Spath, P. “Life Cycle Assessment of a Biomass Gasification Combined-Cycle System,” December 1997. 3. Arthur D. Little, Inc. “Profiles of Leading Renewable Energy Technologies for the Massachusetts Renewable Energy Trust Fund,” October 10, 1998. GASIFICATION Biological Gasification Anaerobic digestion falls within a general category called biological gasification, the process of generating biogas from decomposing organic matter. It can take place in a vessel containing oxygen, in which case it is called aerobic digestion, or in a vessel deprived of oxygen, in which case it is called anaerobic digestion. The process of anaerobic digestion is simple: a conveyor meters sludge, garbage and other wastes into the end of a long revolving sealed cylinder. The inside of the cylinder is heated to grow bacteria that decompose waste to produce methane. The cylinder slants down from the infeed end. That combines with the tumbling action to move the waste slurry slowly from the high end, where it has entered the cylinder, to the far end where the remaining waste is removed. As it usually is practiced, anaerobic digestion is an imperfect process. Most anaerobic digesters are used to dispose of waste, not produce energy. So they just flare off methane and CO2 or release them into the air (Xenergy and Energetic Management Associates, 2003). Not only does that waste energy, it also puts two of the worst greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. Two other drawbacks of anaerobic digestion are its slow rate of decomposition and its incomplete conversion of organic waste. Nevertheless, anaerobic digesters do play a beneficial role in managing wastes. They take up little space, use little energy, and dispose of nasty waste streams, like animal manure, sewage sludge and industrial effluents, that we don’t want to see in our groundwater. Many municipal wastewater treatment plants across the U.S. use anaerobic digesters to reduce solids in sewage sludge (Dayton, 2001). Concerns about the environmental impacts of livestock wastes have rekindled interest in anaerobic digestion. Manures from dairy and swine farms make good feedstocks for anaerobic Identifying Effective Biomass Strategies: Page 59 Quantifying Minnesota’s Resources and Evaluating Future Opportunities
digesters because they contain a lot of liquids whereas poultry manure which is higher in solids is harder to process. Gas from digesters can heat farm buildings or fuel internal combustion generator sets (gensets) for electric power. Biogas-fueled gensets convert uncleaned bio-gas to electricity at an efficiency of 18 to 25% (Schmidt and Pinapati, 2000). Thermal Gasification In a way, thermal gasification is just the opposite of combustion: instead of burning biomass in an oxygen-rich chamber to heat a separate vessel, a gasifier heats biomass to a high temperature inside an oxygen-lean vessel. Starved of oxygen, biomass, rather than burning, gives off combustible gasses that can be used as fuel for further processes. In power plants, for example, bio-gas can fuel simple-cycle or combined-cycle turbines that couldn’t burn straight biomass because it would foul their blades. Fuel (Gas) COMBUSTOR COMPRESSOR TURBINE Electricity GENERATOR Intake Air Exhaust (Williams and Larson, 1993) Figure V-4: Simple-Cycle Gas Turbine Page 60 Identifying Effective Biomass Strategies: Quantifying Minnesota’s Resources and Evaluating Future Opportunities
Page 1 and 2:
FINAL REPORT Identifying Effective
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OVERVIEW The profile of bio-power (
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This net-net amount usable for fuel
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Chapter VII: Government Policies, I
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Chapter XI: Project Development Han
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Fuel Selection Considerations......
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Carbon Emissions Policy ...........
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APPENDIX D : DATA SOURCES .........
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Figure VII-1: A Timeline of Minneso
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CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION Bio-power
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into renewable technologies that su
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BioPET Figure I-2: BioPET Main Scre
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CHAPTER II : BIOMASS FUELS BIOMASS
Page 30 and 31: when evaluating individual projects
Page 32 and 33: 450,000 Corn Grain Corn Grain 51% 4
Page 34 and 35: For purposes of this analysis, all
Page 36 and 37: Billion Btu 70,000 60,000 50,000 40
Page 38 and 39: Billion Btu 300,000 250,000 200,000
Page 40 and 41: 30,000 Dairy Manure Hog Manure 19%
Page 42 and 43: Identifying Effective Biomass Strat
Page 44 and 45: Dedicated Energy Crops Crops raised
Page 46 and 47: primary purpose, like food, animal
Page 48 and 49: Manures Variability. Depending on t
Page 50 and 51: equipment, logistics, soil health,
Page 52 and 53: Even a limited contribution to Minn
Page 54 and 55: Since NASS doesn’t provide a simi
Page 56 and 57: Billion Btu 160,000 140,000 120,000
Page 58 and 59: Capacity Factor = The amount of tim
Page 60 and 61: $9.00 $0.06 $8.00 $7.00 $3.16 $ per
Page 62 and 63: PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING BIOMASS
Page 64 and 65: Thermal treatment of SSO also invol
Page 66 and 67: Wood Chipping Trees and logging res
Page 68 and 69: Baled Agricultural Biomass Preparin
Page 70 and 71: fuels exceeding the moisture conten
Page 72 and 73: • Rail. For most biomass plants,
Page 74 and 75: CHAPTER V : BIO-POWER CONVERSION TE
Page 76 and 77: Pile Burners Pile burners are a ver
Page 78 and 79: suspends them as they burn. Spreade
Page 82 and 83: Fuel (Gas) COMBUSTOR COMPRESSOR TUR
Page 84 and 85: • increased thermal to electrical
Page 86 and 87: Biodiesel has somewhat different ma
Page 88 and 89: Table V-4: Bio-Power Generation Res
Page 90 and 91: fuel plant to co-fire biomass than
Page 92 and 93: Co-Firing Gasified or Liquefied Bio
Page 94 and 95: esidues leave energy on the table b
Page 96 and 97: The industry’s most strenuous cha
Page 98 and 99: pulp from logs. Minnesota’s two c
Page 100 and 101: The result has been satisfactory, i
Page 102 and 103: City (plant name) Table VI-6: Ethan
Page 104 and 105: cut energy consumption 10%. But his
Page 106 and 107: Laurentian Energy in Hibbing and Vi
Page 108 and 109: achieve a 50 reduction in overall e
Page 110 and 111: (Nelson and Lamb, 2002) Figure VI-4
Page 112 and 113: e a 75 MW plant using alfalfa stems
Page 114 and 115: District Energy’s intervention re
Page 116 and 117: Fibrominn Concerns about the enviro
Page 118 and 119: 1994 Legislature - As part of the P
Page 120 and 121: Minnesota Jobs Opportunities Buildi
Page 122 and 123: Real Estate Tax Exemptions Since re
Page 124 and 125: For more information, contact Paul
Page 126 and 127: Fort Snelling, MN 55111-4007 612-71
Page 128 and 129: USDA Rural Development Because biom
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egion encompassing approximately 13
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the boundaries of the Taconite Assi
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certain communities located in inel
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Suitable borrowers. For-profit SBCs
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http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/js
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NEW POLICY INITIATIVES Community-Ba
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The Energy Act also established the
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Overall Structure Fuel Delivery Pat
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expenses, rate of return, inflation
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$0.350 295 kW CHP $0.300 $0.250 $0.
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plant characteristics and plant exp
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Table VIII-4: Power Plant Financial
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Table VIII-7: Scenario Definitions
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Disregarding the manure digester, t
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CHAPTER IX : OVERCOMING BARRIERS Mi
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Biomass also tends to have a low en
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Learning more about the energy pote
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Recent projects in Minnesota and ne
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e calculated. Plants above 10 MW do
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To realize its goal, a mandate must
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alone. A decade or two from now, ev
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project in South Dakota because it
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surrounding air permits for biomass
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CHAPTER X : SEEKING OPPORTUNITIES W
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OPPORTUNITY 4: RETROFITTING EXISTIN
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for a full-time permit is more comp
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While this study did not focus spec
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Waste Landfill: a contract with a l
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pipelines, city water and sewer con
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ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS A bio-power p
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AIR PERMITS The Minnesota Pollution
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Rate Agreements Facilities of 10 M
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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RESOURCES The foll
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Cinergy Business Solutions - Combin
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Energy Efficiency and Renewable Ene
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Gordon, G. (2005, December 26). Wat
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McNeil Technologies, Inc. (2003). B
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Pollution Control Agency, ed. [PCA]
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Stephens, W.R. (2006, March). A Bio
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Xenergy and Energetic Management As
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OVERALL STRUCTURE The evaluation to
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Field Characteristics Energy Conten
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Feedstock Site Processing Yard (opt
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Storage Facility Figure A-6: Feedst
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“Logs” in the Navigation Menu.
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2001 legislation ordered Minnesota
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Figure A-10: Financial Assumption S
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Navigation Menu. Note that every ti
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Project Comparisons $0.140 $0.135 $
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APPENDIX B : INDUSTRY CONTACT LIST
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Clean Energy Resource Teams (CERTs)
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Home Farms Technologies Brandon, Ma
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RCM Digesters Berkeley, CA 94704 (5
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Table B-2: Categorized List CATEGOR
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CONSULTING RW Beck St. Paul, MN 551
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NON- PROFIT/ADVOCACY The Minnesota
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TECHNOLOGY VENDOR Recovered Energy
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INTRODUCTION APPENDIX D : DATA SOUR
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Sweet Corn Stalks • Inventory/Ava
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Sugar Beets • Material Characteri
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Aspen 8 • Material Characteristic
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FOSSIL FUELS Minnesota Average Coal
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