Biomass Feasibility Project Final Report - Xcel Energy

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CHAPTER V : BIO-POWER CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES Human beings have used biomass fuel since cavemen learned how to set wood on fire. Biomass eventually was supplanted with coal, gas and petroleum, which remain the predominant fuels for generating power to the present day. Until recently, advances in energy technologies meant extracting more energy from the combustion (or burning) of hydrocarbon fuels, not inventing other ways of extracting it. Most non-nuclear power plants still rely on combustion; they burn fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) in boilers to turn water into steam that drives turbines connected to electrical generators. Back in the gaslight era, engineers began to develop a different way to produce energy. Instead of burning fuel in oxygen-rich boilers, carbonization or gasification heated coal to high temperatures in oxygen-lean “anaerobic” vessels. Since the vessels lacked oxygen to support combustion, the superheated coal didn’t burn. Rather it gave off a synthetic gas, called “town gas” or “coal gas,” that could be used for lighting, heating and cooking. The remaining charcoal could fuel heat-intensive industrial processes like smelting. In the 1930s and 1940s, German scientists made further innovations in order to replace petroleum supplies cut off by the war. Our discussion divides into those two main topics: combustion and gasification. Both conversion technologies are in use today. But combustion systems far outnumber gasification systems, and within combustion plants, fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, petroleum) far overshadow biomass fuels. Recently, however, the environmental consequences of burning fossil fuels have created new interest in humankind’s original fuel source, biomass. In a combustion power plant, differences in processing the two classes of fuels, fossil and biomass, appear in the front end where fuel is handled, processed and burned. Beyond the boiler, both fuels drive power generation in exactly the same way. So we focus on the distinctive characteristics of biomass fuels that affect their handling, processing, burning and waste removal in a power plant. A more recent technology than combustion, gasification, has a host of potential applications in waste reduction, biorefining, transport fuels and so on. But we are concerned here with only its application to the generation of electric power. As is the case of combustion, biomass in a gasifier usually substitutes for fossil fuel. And since gasification can produce both gaseous and liquid fuels, that means it can offer substitutes for natural gas, oil, and diesel fuel. The diagram below illustrates our selection of topics. Issues in boldface are subjects of this chapter. Identifying Effective Biomass Strategies: Page 53 Quantifying Minnesota’s Resources and Evaluating Future Opportunities
Biomass Conversion Technologies Direct Combustion Co-Firing w/ Coal Liquefaction Co-Firing w/ Diesel Gasification Co-Firing w/ Natural Gas Pile Burner Fluidized Bed Pyrolysis Biological Gasification Thermal Gasification Grate Burners (Stokers) Suspension Anaerobic Digesters Aerobic Digesters Fixed Bed Fluidized Bed (adapated from Schmidt and Pinapati, 2000) DIRECT COMBUSTION Figure V-1: Bio-Power Tree Diagram Direct combustion systems burn biomass in boilers to make steam, which spins turbines that drive electric generators. Today’s biomass-fired steam cycle plants typically use a single pass steam turbine (Bain, Amos, and Downing, 2003). Biomass Steam Exhaust Air BOILER TURBINE Electricity GENERATOR AIR PREHEAT WATER PREHEAT CONDENSER Cooling Water BLOWER Condensate PUMP PUMP (Williams and Larson, 1993) Make-up Water Figure V-2: Steam-Turbine (Direct Combustion) System Each of the several types of direct combustion systems in use has positives and negative and negative attributes. Page 54 Identifying Effective Biomass Strategies: Quantifying Minnesota’s Resources and Evaluating Future Opportunities
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FINAL REPORT Identifying Effective
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OVERVIEW The profile of bio-power (
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This net-net amount usable for fuel
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Chapter VII: Government Policies, I
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Chapter XI: Project Development Han
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Fuel Selection Considerations......
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Carbon Emissions Policy ...........
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APPENDIX D : DATA SOURCES .........
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Figure VII-1: A Timeline of Minneso
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CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION Bio-power
Page 24 and 25: into renewable technologies that su
Page 26 and 27: BioPET Figure I-2: BioPET Main Scre
Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER II : BIOMASS FUELS BIOMASS
Page 30 and 31: when evaluating individual projects
Page 32 and 33: 450,000 Corn Grain Corn Grain 51% 4
Page 34 and 35: For purposes of this analysis, all
Page 36 and 37: Billion Btu 70,000 60,000 50,000 40
Page 38 and 39: Billion Btu 300,000 250,000 200,000
Page 40 and 41: 30,000 Dairy Manure Hog Manure 19%
Page 42 and 43: Identifying Effective Biomass Strat
Page 44 and 45: Dedicated Energy Crops Crops raised
Page 46 and 47: primary purpose, like food, animal
Page 48 and 49: Manures Variability. Depending on t
Page 50 and 51: equipment, logistics, soil health,
Page 52 and 53: Even a limited contribution to Minn
Page 54 and 55: Since NASS doesn’t provide a simi
Page 56 and 57: Billion Btu 160,000 140,000 120,000
Page 58 and 59: Capacity Factor = The amount of tim
Page 60 and 61: $9.00 $0.06 $8.00 $7.00 $3.16 $ per
Page 62 and 63: PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING BIOMASS
Page 64 and 65: Thermal treatment of SSO also invol
Page 66 and 67: Wood Chipping Trees and logging res
Page 68 and 69: Baled Agricultural Biomass Preparin
Page 70 and 71: fuels exceeding the moisture conten
Page 72 and 73: • Rail. For most biomass plants,
Page 76 and 77: Pile Burners Pile burners are a ver
Page 78 and 79: suspends them as they burn. Spreade
Page 80 and 81: Technology Type Table V-1: Emission
Page 82 and 83: Fuel (Gas) COMBUSTOR COMPRESSOR TUR
Page 84 and 85: • increased thermal to electrical
Page 86 and 87: Biodiesel has somewhat different ma
Page 88 and 89: Table V-4: Bio-Power Generation Res
Page 90 and 91: fuel plant to co-fire biomass than
Page 92 and 93: Co-Firing Gasified or Liquefied Bio
Page 94 and 95: esidues leave energy on the table b
Page 96 and 97: The industry’s most strenuous cha
Page 98 and 99: pulp from logs. Minnesota’s two c
Page 100 and 101: The result has been satisfactory, i
Page 102 and 103: City (plant name) Table VI-6: Ethan
Page 104 and 105: cut energy consumption 10%. But his
Page 106 and 107: Laurentian Energy in Hibbing and Vi
Page 108 and 109: achieve a 50 reduction in overall e
Page 110 and 111: (Nelson and Lamb, 2002) Figure VI-4
Page 112 and 113: e a 75 MW plant using alfalfa stems
Page 114 and 115: District Energy’s intervention re
Page 116 and 117: Fibrominn Concerns about the enviro
Page 118 and 119: 1994 Legislature - As part of the P
Page 120 and 121: Minnesota Jobs Opportunities Buildi
Page 122 and 123: Real Estate Tax Exemptions Since re
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For more information, contact Paul
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Fort Snelling, MN 55111-4007 612-71
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USDA Rural Development Because biom
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egion encompassing approximately 13
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the boundaries of the Taconite Assi
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certain communities located in inel
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Suitable borrowers. For-profit SBCs
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http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/js
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NEW POLICY INITIATIVES Community-Ba
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The Energy Act also established the
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Overall Structure Fuel Delivery Pat
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expenses, rate of return, inflation
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$0.350 295 kW CHP $0.300 $0.250 $0.
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plant characteristics and plant exp
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Table VIII-4: Power Plant Financial
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Table VIII-7: Scenario Definitions
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Disregarding the manure digester, t
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CHAPTER IX : OVERCOMING BARRIERS Mi
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Biomass also tends to have a low en
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Learning more about the energy pote
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Recent projects in Minnesota and ne
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e calculated. Plants above 10 MW do
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To realize its goal, a mandate must
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alone. A decade or two from now, ev
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project in South Dakota because it
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surrounding air permits for biomass
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CHAPTER X : SEEKING OPPORTUNITIES W
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OPPORTUNITY 4: RETROFITTING EXISTIN
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for a full-time permit is more comp
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While this study did not focus spec
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Waste Landfill: a contract with a l
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pipelines, city water and sewer con
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ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS A bio-power p
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AIR PERMITS The Minnesota Pollution
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Rate Agreements Facilities of 10 M
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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RESOURCES The foll
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Cinergy Business Solutions - Combin
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Energy Efficiency and Renewable Ene
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Gordon, G. (2005, December 26). Wat
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McNeil Technologies, Inc. (2003). B
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Pollution Control Agency, ed. [PCA]
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Stephens, W.R. (2006, March). A Bio
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Xenergy and Energetic Management As
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OVERALL STRUCTURE The evaluation to
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Field Characteristics Energy Conten
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Feedstock Site Processing Yard (opt
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Storage Facility Figure A-6: Feedst
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“Logs” in the Navigation Menu.
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2001 legislation ordered Minnesota
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Figure A-10: Financial Assumption S
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Navigation Menu. Note that every ti
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Project Comparisons $0.140 $0.135 $
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APPENDIX B : INDUSTRY CONTACT LIST
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Clean Energy Resource Teams (CERTs)
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Home Farms Technologies Brandon, Ma
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RCM Digesters Berkeley, CA 94704 (5
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Table B-2: Categorized List CATEGOR
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CONSULTING RW Beck St. Paul, MN 551
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NON- PROFIT/ADVOCACY The Minnesota
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TECHNOLOGY VENDOR Recovered Energy
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INTRODUCTION APPENDIX D : DATA SOUR
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Sweet Corn Stalks • Inventory/Ava
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Sugar Beets • Material Characteri
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Aspen 8 • Material Characteristic
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FOSSIL FUELS Minnesota Average Coal
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