Biomass Feasibility Project Final Report - Xcel Energy

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OVERVIEW The profile of bio-power (electricity generated with biomass fuels) is rising with America’s concerns about the effect of fossil fuels on the environment. Bio-power’s contribution to U.S. energy supply has been flat since the mid 1990’s. That soon may change, however. The federal Energy Information Administration expects bio-power generation to double by 2025. This study seeks to provide an objective evaluation of Minnesota’s biomass resources, not to argue for or against particular bio-power projects or initiatives. Because bio-power responds to emerging state and federal energy policies, bio-power projects almost certainly will be designed and built. The question is how best to accomplish that within the limitations of natural and financial resources, including the pocketbooks of electric ratepayers. To that end, this study can help developers evaluate, select, build, and operate effective biopower projects, and help policy makers frame measures to support them. It has three components: (1.) a computer-based interactive calculator, the Bio-Power Evaluation Tool (BioPET), that identifies locations, types, and volumes of biomass fuels, adds construction and operation costs for various energy conversion technologies using them, and calculates the costs of power generated by various combinations of the above; (2.) a web-based, user-driven, electronic GIS tool, called gopher, that graphically represents the locations of, and relationships between, relevant infrastructure and biomass resources; and (3.) a written report providing background on technical, economic, political, and management issues central to the implementation of bio-power projects. By using all three of these components in parallel, developers can determine optimal combinations of location, infrastructure, biomass fuels, processing and conversion technology for their projects; funders can verify them; and policy makers can gauge the practical consequences of rules, regulations, and laws. Conversely, communities and economic developers can use these tools to scope out local resources they might use to attract bio-power developments to their areas. IDENTIFYING RESOURCES AND STRATEGIES Chapter II & III: Biomass Fuels Available for Energy BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS Agriculture Livestock Crops Crop Residues Ag. Processing Residues Manures Animal Processing Wastes Wood which includes: Municipal Waste Streams Timber Residues Urban Wood Wastes Identifying Effective Biomass Strategies: Quantifying Minnesota’s Resources and Evaluating Future Opportunities Page i
The BioPET tool includes more than 60 biomass feedstocks from fields, forests, livestock barns, and municipal waste streams. They were selected because they exist in quantity in Minnesota. The written report’s account of them may appear more authoritative than it really can be, having to rely as it does on assumptions and normalizations applied to an assortment of data from sources that used different methodologies. We detail our methodology in the appendices. If the BioPET user has better data, he/she is encouraged to substitute it into the computer-based evaluator. The text and the computer tool present our informed estimates, no more, no less. Using estimates detailed in Chapter II as Minnesota’s total growth or production of biomass feedstocks – their “theoretical potential” – Chapter III shows how much of those gross volumes an be captured physically – their “technical potential” – and how much of that might be usable for energy after deducting biomasses in high demand for other uses and hence too expensive to use as fuel. Sample Inventory Maps Page ii Identifying Effective Biomass Strategies: Quantifying Minnesota’s Resources and Evaluating Future Opportunities
Page 1 and 2: FINAL REPORT Identifying Effective
Page 6 and 7: This net-net amount usable for fuel
Page 8 and 9: Chapter VII: Government Policies, I
Page 10: Chapter XI: Project Development Han
Page 13 and 14: Fuel Selection Considerations......
Page 15 and 16: Carbon Emissions Policy ...........
Page 17 and 18: APPENDIX D : DATA SOURCES .........
Page 19 and 20: Figure VII-1: A Timeline of Minneso
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION Bio-power
Page 24 and 25: into renewable technologies that su
Page 26 and 27: BioPET Figure I-2: BioPET Main Scre
Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER II : BIOMASS FUELS BIOMASS
Page 30 and 31: when evaluating individual projects
Page 32 and 33: 450,000 Corn Grain Corn Grain 51% 4
Page 34 and 35: For purposes of this analysis, all
Page 36 and 37: Billion Btu 70,000 60,000 50,000 40
Page 38 and 39: Billion Btu 300,000 250,000 200,000
Page 40 and 41: 30,000 Dairy Manure Hog Manure 19%
Page 42 and 43: Identifying Effective Biomass Strat
Page 44 and 45: Dedicated Energy Crops Crops raised
Page 46 and 47: primary purpose, like food, animal
Page 48 and 49: Manures Variability. Depending on t
Page 50 and 51: equipment, logistics, soil health,
Page 52 and 53: Even a limited contribution to Minn
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Since NASS doesn’t provide a simi
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Billion Btu 160,000 140,000 120,000
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Capacity Factor = The amount of tim
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$9.00 $0.06 $8.00 $7.00 $3.16 $ per
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PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING BIOMASS
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Thermal treatment of SSO also invol
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Wood Chipping Trees and logging res
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Baled Agricultural Biomass Preparin
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fuels exceeding the moisture conten
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• Rail. For most biomass plants,
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CHAPTER V : BIO-POWER CONVERSION TE
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Pile Burners Pile burners are a ver
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suspends them as they burn. Spreade
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Technology Type Table V-1: Emission
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Fuel (Gas) COMBUSTOR COMPRESSOR TUR
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• increased thermal to electrical
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Biodiesel has somewhat different ma
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Table V-4: Bio-Power Generation Res
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fuel plant to co-fire biomass than
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Co-Firing Gasified or Liquefied Bio
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esidues leave energy on the table b
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The industry’s most strenuous cha
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pulp from logs. Minnesota’s two c
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The result has been satisfactory, i
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City (plant name) Table VI-6: Ethan
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cut energy consumption 10%. But his
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Laurentian Energy in Hibbing and Vi
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achieve a 50 reduction in overall e
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(Nelson and Lamb, 2002) Figure VI-4
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e a 75 MW plant using alfalfa stems
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District Energy’s intervention re
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Fibrominn Concerns about the enviro
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1994 Legislature - As part of the P
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Minnesota Jobs Opportunities Buildi
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Real Estate Tax Exemptions Since re
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For more information, contact Paul
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Fort Snelling, MN 55111-4007 612-71
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USDA Rural Development Because biom
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egion encompassing approximately 13
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the boundaries of the Taconite Assi
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certain communities located in inel
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Suitable borrowers. For-profit SBCs
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http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/js
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NEW POLICY INITIATIVES Community-Ba
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The Energy Act also established the
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Overall Structure Fuel Delivery Pat
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expenses, rate of return, inflation
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$0.350 295 kW CHP $0.300 $0.250 $0.
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plant characteristics and plant exp
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Table VIII-4: Power Plant Financial
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Table VIII-7: Scenario Definitions
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Disregarding the manure digester, t
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CHAPTER IX : OVERCOMING BARRIERS Mi
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Biomass also tends to have a low en
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Learning more about the energy pote
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Recent projects in Minnesota and ne
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e calculated. Plants above 10 MW do
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To realize its goal, a mandate must
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alone. A decade or two from now, ev
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project in South Dakota because it
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surrounding air permits for biomass
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CHAPTER X : SEEKING OPPORTUNITIES W
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OPPORTUNITY 4: RETROFITTING EXISTIN
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for a full-time permit is more comp
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While this study did not focus spec
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Waste Landfill: a contract with a l
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pipelines, city water and sewer con
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ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS A bio-power p
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AIR PERMITS The Minnesota Pollution
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Rate Agreements Facilities of 10 M
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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RESOURCES The foll
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Cinergy Business Solutions - Combin
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Energy Efficiency and Renewable Ene
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Gordon, G. (2005, December 26). Wat
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McNeil Technologies, Inc. (2003). B
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Pollution Control Agency, ed. [PCA]
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Stephens, W.R. (2006, March). A Bio
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Xenergy and Energetic Management As
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OVERALL STRUCTURE The evaluation to
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Field Characteristics Energy Conten
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Feedstock Site Processing Yard (opt
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Storage Facility Figure A-6: Feedst
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“Logs” in the Navigation Menu.
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2001 legislation ordered Minnesota
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Figure A-10: Financial Assumption S
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Navigation Menu. Note that every ti
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Project Comparisons $0.140 $0.135 $
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APPENDIX B : INDUSTRY CONTACT LIST
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Clean Energy Resource Teams (CERTs)
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Home Farms Technologies Brandon, Ma
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RCM Digesters Berkeley, CA 94704 (5
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Table B-2: Categorized List CATEGOR
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CONSULTING RW Beck St. Paul, MN 551
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NON- PROFIT/ADVOCACY The Minnesota
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TECHNOLOGY VENDOR Recovered Energy
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INTRODUCTION APPENDIX D : DATA SOUR
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Sweet Corn Stalks • Inventory/Ava
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Sugar Beets • Material Characteri
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Aspen 8 • Material Characteristic
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FOSSIL FUELS Minnesota Average Coal
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