Solid Radioactive Waste Strategy Report.pdf - UK EPR

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EPR UK N° NESH-G/2008/en/0123 REV. A PAGE 52 / 257 6.4.3 Decay Storage of EPR Spent Ion Exchange Resins Figure 6 shows the radioactive decay characteristics for the spent ion exchange resins arising from operation of the UK EPR that, pessimistically, would be ILW at the time of generation. The graph shows the total activity for all radionuclides predicted to be present in this waste stream. As with the spent water filters, the primary contributors to the total radioactivity of this particular waste are cobalt-60, iron-55 and caesium-137. These decay to non-significant levels within a few decades, however, nickel-63 is present in sufficient quantities to preclude decay storage of this waste to LLW on the interim storage timescale of the UK EPR. However, the level of nickel- 63 (with a half life of 100 years) decays sufficiently over three centuries for this waste to be classified as LLW after 300 years. 140 120 Total Waste Activity LLW Limit of 12 GBq/te betagamma Nickel-63 Waste Activity (GBq/te) 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 Years FIGURE 6: DECAY STORAGE OF EPR SPENT ION EXCHANGE RESINS It should be noted that the radionuclide inventory data has been sourced from analysis of wastes arising from currently operating reactors. The UK EPR has been optimised to minimise the generation of waste arisings from the experience from operating these reactors and as such the decay graphs presented above are pessimistic.
EPR UK N° NESH-G/2008/en/0123 REV. A PAGE 53 / 257 7 UTILITY OPERATIONAL WASTE TREATMENT AND CONDITIONING PROCESSING OPTIONS This section outlines the waste treatment and conditioning options that AREVA believe can be feasibly deployed for the treatment of the different types of solid radioactive wastes arising from operation of the UK EPR. Within the constraints of the regulatory and licensing baseline for the UK EPR it is intended that there will be flexibility for individual utilities to select and optimise their own waste management strategies. This flexibility will permit changes to waste management techniques to reflect recent developments and national and international practices as new or improved options become available. 7.1 The Waste Hierarchy Developing waste management options which are sustainable is an underling principle of this strategy. The waste hierarchy (see Figure 7) is a cornerstone of sustainable waste management [Refs. 30, 31 and 32]. This concept is best described by reference to waste minimisation, reuse, recycling and recovery, with disposal only undertaken where it is unavoidable. The waste hierarchy sets out the order in which options for waste management should be considered based on environmental impact. Interpretation of the waste hierarchy finds solid waste preferable to liquid discharge and liquid discharge preferable to airborne discharge (the principle of concentrate and contain). The aim of applying the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum benefits from resources and to generate the minimum amount of waste for disposal. A combination of UK EPR waste management options selected would ensure the application of the waste hierarchy, specific for each solid, liquid and gaseous waste is applied. The waste hierarchy principle will also be applied specifically to key radionuclides that are identified as having the greatest dose impact on discharge. This helps to ensure that the activity discharged to the environment is As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP).
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