A Text centred rhetorical analysis of Paul's Letter to Titus

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is primarily based on typological and, more importantly, textual considerations. Regarding the latter, Karris (1996:128, 131) argues that the section conforms to six of Markus Barth’s eleven “objective” criteria “for detecting the existence of hymns in the New Testament”. Although he refers to six he only lists the following five: a) The passage use of verbs as aorist participles in relative clauses and in consecutive clauses (criterion 3) b) Those who benefit from God’s mighty acts speak in the first person plural (criterion 4) c) The presence of unique words (criterion 6) d) Artistic structure-“parallelism” (criterion 8) e) The content of a given passage interrupts the context (criterion 11) Karris (1996:127, 128) bases his typological considerations on the fact that this section is indented by the editors of the NASB and the Novum Testamentum Graece (27 th edition). Karris believes that it would not be indented if it was not considered poetic or hymnic. He also cites Ralph Martin, a scholar of hymns who includes Titus 3:4-7 as part of the “sacramental” hymns. Mounce (2000:440) disagrees with Karris, because the suggested hymnic structure is disrupted by the unusual placement of e[swsen hJma". Furthermore, there are other criteria suggestive of a creed rather than a hymn. These include the use of plural pronouns and a purpose clause in verse 7 rather than an indicative. According to Fee (1988:203), the sentence “altogether lacks the poetic elements of a hymn”. Unanimity among scholarship is also absent when it comes to the delineation of the formula. This issues from the authenticity debate, and relates to the differentiation between traditional material and Pauline additions. With regard to traditional material, various possibilities are posited: verses 3-7, 5b-6 and 5- 7 (Guthrie, 1957:204). The majority of scholars, however, regard verses 4-7 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com 131
as traditional, with verse 3 as an addition (Knight, 1979:81; Mounce, 2000:440). Still, the matter remains moot, since “it is virtually impossible to differentiate between traditional and Pauline material with any degree of certainty” (Mounce, 2000:441). Another area of debate relates to the meaning of the word loutrovn and its relationship to what follows in the rest of the sentence. The word is translated in at least four primary ways: cleansing from sin, baptism, baptism of the Spirit and laver/bath of washing/washtub. Oden (1989:37) follows the classical view that regards baptism as the bath of the new birth. Simpson (1954:115-116) takes issue with the Roman Catholic or sacramental interpretation of this sentence that interprets dia; loutrou' as denoting the material apparatus of baptism, namely the laver or bath. He argues that the word refers to baptism and simply means “washing”. Hendriksen (1957:391) supports this interpretation, adding that “the washing referred to is wholly spiritual.” Karris (1996:135) disagrees, insisting that the word refers to “a bath”, which was a “ubiquitous Roman institution” used for recreation and ablution purposes by all citizens. The image of the bath would strike a chord with the audience of this letter rather than the “dominant image” of baptism in our modern-day Christian language. Mounce (2000:439) and Fee (1988:204) prefer not to interpret the word in a strict baptismal sense. They argue that the word is a metaphor for inner or spiritual “cleansing”. In fact, Mounce (2000:439) maintains, “It is possible for the New Testament to use the imagery of cleansing without any reference to baptism”. On the other end of the spectrum, we find Hultgren (1984:169) who interprets dia; loutrou` paliggenesiva" kai; ajnakainwvsew" pneuvmato" aJgivou as a reference to baptismal regeneration in which “God saves through baptism”. Towner (1989:115, 117) believes the word is a description of spiritual baptism and emphasises the “salvation-historical orientation of the passage”. A related area of debate focuses on the collection of genitives that follow the preposition diav. The succinct summary of the debate by Fee (1988:204-205) is very helpful and relied upon here. There are three positions, namely: PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com 132
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A TEXT-CENTRED RHETORICAL ANALYSIS
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DECLARATION I declare that the diss
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SECTION 2 RHETORICAL ANALYSIS 2.1 R
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SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 OVERVIEW
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The content of the authorship debat
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consistently identified as pioneer
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J. Quinn. Their list of scholars ad
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Uncharacteristic Pauline theology:
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etc. are not referring to actual pe
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History never lies” (Titus 1:2)?
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meaning as determined by historical
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other to explain what these critics
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1.1.2.4 Conclusion The various theo
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Excursus: Cumulative-complimentary
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Lumping or clustering apparent oppo
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these letters on a more individual
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Furthermore, the name Jesus Christ
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C. 1. qeou` and swthvr depend on do
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accentuate the unmistakable role of
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order to prove issues of authorship
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Miller (1997:124) is particularly u
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Next, Van Neste goes on to show how
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There have been some recent excepti
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The first part of the analysis is e
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offer any translations in this rega
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novel. To the best of my knowledge,
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ather than as a supplement to the T
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Accordingly, the research hypothesi
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•Step 3: Where deemed necessary,
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The rhetorical situation correspond
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Titus' primary assignment is to app
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Throughout the letter, Paul shares
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equally negative conduct (1:16). In
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2.2.1.1 Emphasising the legitimacy
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strategically throughout this secti
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This section is suffused with the r
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and trustworthiness. This choice of
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“By whose authority are you imple
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“shared knowledge”. The qualiti
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espectively within the same sentenc
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dichotomy at the front end of this
Page 83 and 84: church. Implicit contrasting is als
Page 85 and 86: aijscrokerdhv", and these false tea
Page 87 and 88: The second part of verse 13 contain
Page 89 and 90: different groups. He relentlessly p
Page 91 and 92: implicit contrasting. The negative
Page 93 and 94: marker is the use of the plural of
Page 95 and 96: instruction in this regard. “Heal
Page 97 and 98: almost desirable. Thus, legitimate
Page 99 and 100: The subject is the older women. Thi
Page 101 and 102: negatively upon the oJ lovgo" tou`
Page 103 and 104: 2.2.5.6 The behaviour of slaves In
Page 105 and 106: or originating from God (tou' … q
Page 107 and 108: to God and this paves the way for t
Page 109 and 110: This explains the use of inclusive
Page 111 and 112: Furthermore, through the direct rep
Page 113 and 114: what grace is instructing the belie
Page 115 and 116: Paul demonstrates that he is himsel
Page 117 and 118: The section closes with the apostle
Page 119 and 120: Another technique is personificatio
Page 121 and 122: the apostle adopts to persuade his
Page 123 and 124: Most commentators treat ejxousivai
Page 125 and 126: person. Interestingly, both instanc
Page 127 and 128: 2.2.8 Titus 3:3: Evoking disgust wi
Page 129 and 130: purpose while Mounce (2000:446) bel
Page 131 and 132: negative. Paranomasia and the metap
Page 133: conformity to the divine example. I
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Page 141 and 142: through self-vilification in the op
Page 143 and 144: crhstovth" and filanqrwpiva of God
Page 145 and 146: ejpoihvsamen hJmei`" (works) ajlla;
Page 147 and 148: these titles. The future appearance
Page 149 and 150: The certainty and completeness of t
Page 151 and 152: The next two words in v. 7 are exam
Page 153 and 154: their salvation by God. The divine
Page 155 and 156: discourse. In this regard, consider
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Page 159 and 160: Verse 9 opens with the adversative
Page 161 and 162: awareness of the insidiousness of f
Page 163 and 164: This is a very tight unit, carefull
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Page 167 and 168: closing greeting to the Cretans inv
Page 169 and 170: SECTION 3 CONCLUSION In Section 1,
Page 171 and 172: 7: Titus 3:1-2: Persuading the Cret
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Page 175 and 176: In unit 7 (3:1-2), the relationship
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Page 179 and 180: These four objectives may be summar
Page 181 and 182: expected manner can look forward to
Page 183 and 184: f. Arguments based on the use of vi
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m. Example. For example, in 3:4-7 G
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ehaviour expected of older men. In
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Aageson, J. W. (1997).
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Everts, J. M. (1993). Hope Dictiona
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Lea, D. and H. P. Griffin (1992). 1
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Sumney, J. L. (1996). “A Reading
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ABSTRACT This study has been conduc
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In Section 3 the results of the stu
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amanuensishipotese en die allonieme
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KEY TERMS 1. Pastoral Letters 2. Rh
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A Text centred rhetorical analysis of Paul's Letter to Titus

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