A Text centred rhetorical analysis of Paul's Letter to Titus

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of eternal life was manifested in the word of God (to;n lovgon aujtou'). Verse 3 reiterates the divine authorisation of the apostle’s ministry, in which he strips even himself from any credit for the proclamation (khruvgma). Thus, the messenger as well as the content of the message must be divinely authorised. b) References to God There are five references to God in this section. This constitutes a high occurrence-ratio for a single noun in such a small section. The noun is used twice, first in v.1 and again in v.4, as part of the inclusio that cordons off this section. Excepting this usage, the remaining three occurrences are very significant, highlighting the theocentric emphases of this opening section. The inclusio mentioned previously refers to the repetition of the nouns “God” and “Jesus Christ” in verses 1 and 4. The use of the word “God” establishes a relationship between God and the Church, who is described as ejklektoiv qeou'. This expression is juxtaposed with dou`lo" qeou' in verse 1. Thus, Paul’s service and apostleship are directed towards a particular group, namely the elect of God. The kind of ministry presented here is specified as a divinely sanctioned ministry (dou`lo" qeou'), directed towards a group, whose origins the apostle locates in the divine (ejklektoiv qeou'). Next, God’s character is accentuated by the expression oJ ajyeudh;" qeov" (1:2). This description occurs in the context of the promise that God made. Thus, the divine character or ethic is used to highlight the reliability of the divine promise. What God has promised He has fulfilled. The affirmation of the divine character furthermore implies the imposition of a norm. If God cannot lie, then His servant cannot either or at least would be expected to be honest. The third reference occurs in 1:3 where God is referred to as Saviour (swthvr). Thus, we are dealing here with the divine origin of salvation. In the next verse, the same description is applied to Jesus Christ. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com 67
This section is suffused with the role of the divine. The elect has their origin in God. The promise made before the ages was fulfilled because of the character of God. The reason there is an elect, the reason for the ethic required of the elect is because God is also the one who saved them. Thus, central in this first section is the notion of the divine. It takes away all credit from man and places the focus on the central and dominating character of God. c) References to Jesus Christ Verses 1-4 contain two references to Jesus Christ. The first reference in 1:1 is repeated, but reversed in 1:4. These references appear to accentuate the divinity of Jesus Christ who, in both instances, is presented as equal to God. In the first instance, the name of Jesus is mentioned in the context of ministry, specifically the apostolic office. In the next instance, it is mentioned in the context of salvation. Interestingly, though, God is also mentioned in both of these contexts. In 1:1, Paul relates his ministry first to God and next, as apostle, to Jesus Christ. The first reference to Jesus Christ is in a coordinate relationship with the noun qeov~. Some commentators interpret the conjunction dev in a connective sense as “and”. However, it can also be interpreted in a contrastive or adversative sense as “yet” or “but”. The apostle thus introduces himself by laying the foundation for his authority to address Titus and the church. On the one hand, he is only a bond-servant of God. However, on the other hand, his office is that of an apostle, authorised by Jesus Christ. In 1:4, he refers to Jesus Christ as swthvr hJmw`n. This is the exact designation used in the preceding verse to refer to God. Thus, God and Jesus Christ are introduced as co-saviours to whom the salvific activity is attributed. This is accentuated through the rhetorical technique known as a chiasm: PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com 68
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A TEXT-CENTRED RHETORICAL ANALYSIS
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DECLARATION I declare that the diss
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SECTION 2 RHETORICAL ANALYSIS 2.1 R
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SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 OVERVIEW
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The content of the authorship debat
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consistently identified as pioneer
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J. Quinn. Their list of scholars ad
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Uncharacteristic Pauline theology:
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etc. are not referring to actual pe
Page 19 and 20: History never lies” (Titus 1:2)?
Page 21 and 22: meaning as determined by historical
Page 23 and 24: other to explain what these critics
Page 25 and 26: 1.1.2.4 Conclusion The various theo
Page 27 and 28: Excursus: Cumulative-complimentary
Page 29 and 30: Lumping or clustering apparent oppo
Page 31 and 32: these letters on a more individual
Page 33 and 34: Furthermore, the name Jesus Christ
Page 35 and 36: C. 1. qeou` and swthvr depend on do
Page 37 and 38: accentuate the unmistakable role of
Page 39 and 40: order to prove issues of authorship
Page 41 and 42: Miller (1997:124) is particularly u
Page 43 and 44: Next, Van Neste goes on to show how
Page 45 and 46: There have been some recent excepti
Page 47 and 48: The first part of the analysis is e
Page 49 and 50: offer any translations in this rega
Page 51 and 52: novel. To the best of my knowledge,
Page 53 and 54: ather than as a supplement to the T
Page 55 and 56: Accordingly, the research hypothesi
Page 57 and 58: •Step 3: Where deemed necessary,
Page 59 and 60: The rhetorical situation correspond
Page 61 and 62: Titus' primary assignment is to app
Page 63 and 64: Throughout the letter, Paul shares
Page 65 and 66: equally negative conduct (1:16). In
Page 67 and 68: 2.2.1.1 Emphasising the legitimacy
Page 69: strategically throughout this secti
Page 73 and 74: and trustworthiness. This choice of
Page 75 and 76: “By whose authority are you imple
Page 77 and 78: “shared knowledge”. The qualiti
Page 79 and 80: espectively within the same sentenc
Page 81 and 82: dichotomy at the front end of this
Page 83 and 84: church. Implicit contrasting is als
Page 85 and 86: aijscrokerdhv", and these false tea
Page 87 and 88: The second part of verse 13 contain
Page 89 and 90: different groups. He relentlessly p
Page 91 and 92: implicit contrasting. The negative
Page 93 and 94: marker is the use of the plural of
Page 95 and 96: instruction in this regard. “Heal
Page 97 and 98: almost desirable. Thus, legitimate
Page 99 and 100: The subject is the older women. Thi
Page 101 and 102: negatively upon the oJ lovgo" tou`
Page 103 and 104: 2.2.5.6 The behaviour of slaves In
Page 105 and 106: or originating from God (tou' … q
Page 107 and 108: to God and this paves the way for t
Page 109 and 110: This explains the use of inclusive
Page 111 and 112: Furthermore, through the direct rep
Page 113 and 114: what grace is instructing the belie
Page 115 and 116: Paul demonstrates that he is himsel
Page 117 and 118: The section closes with the apostle
Page 119 and 120: Another technique is personificatio
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the apostle adopts to persuade his
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Most commentators treat ejxousivai
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person. Interestingly, both instanc
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2.2.8 Titus 3:3: Evoking disgust wi
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purpose while Mounce (2000:446) bel
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negative. Paranomasia and the metap
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conformity to the divine example. I
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as traditional, with verse 3 as an
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aptism effected by the Holy Spirit
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exclusively or that this constitute
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through self-vilification in the op
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crhstovth" and filanqrwpiva of God
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ejpoihvsamen hJmei`" (works) ajlla;
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these titles. The future appearance
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The certainty and completeness of t
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The next two words in v. 7 are exam
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their salvation by God. The divine
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discourse. In this regard, consider
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two groups is accentuated and the d
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Verse 9 opens with the adversative
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awareness of the insidiousness of f
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This is a very tight unit, carefull
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turn, requires the presence of soun
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closing greeting to the Cretans inv
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SECTION 3 CONCLUSION In Section 1,
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7: Titus 3:1-2: Persuading the Cret
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apostles and lay leaders appointed
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In unit 7 (3:1-2), the relationship
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The second objective is to highligh
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These four objectives may be summar
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expected manner can look forward to
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f. Arguments based on the use of vi
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m. Example. For example, in 3:4-7 G
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ehaviour expected of older men. In
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Aageson, J. W. (1997).
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Everts, J. M. (1993). Hope Dictiona
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Lea, D. and H. P. Griffin (1992). 1
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Sumney, J. L. (1996). “A Reading
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ABSTRACT This study has been conduc
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In Section 3 the results of the stu
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amanuensishipotese en die allonieme
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KEY TERMS 1. Pastoral Letters 2. Rh
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A Text centred rhetorical analysis of Paul's Letter to Titus

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