A Text centred rhetorical analysis of Paul's Letter to Titus

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iii) Secretary or amanuensis hypothesis Scholars on both sides of the debate account for the vocabulary and stylistic differences between the Pastorals and the undisputed Paulines by arguing that Paul employed the services of secretaries or amanuenses. The forerunner to this theory was Otto Roller in 1933. It was elaborated by E.R. Richards in 1991. The differences from the undisputed corpus are therefore attributable to a secretary who had more freedom of expression as was the case in the undisputed Paulines (Fee, 1988:26). Both Luke and Tychicus have been proposed by some as possible candidates (Lock, 1924: xxix; Moule, 1965:430-452; Strobel, 1968:191-210; Jeremias, 1963:8). Mounce (2000:cxxxix) believes that this theory offers more advantages in regard to the internal and external evidence without introducing additional problems and is therefore to be preferred over the fiction and fragment hypotheses. iv) Allonymity or allepigraphy hypothesis A very recent and novel alternative to Pauline authorship has come from the pen of I. Howard Marshall. While rejecting both Pauline authorship as well as pseudonymity, Marshall endorses a theory he defines as allonymity or allepigraphy (Marshall, Travis, et al. 2002:176). In his own words, it “describes the writing of a letter by somebody other than the named author, but without the attempt to deceive people: from the beginning the readers knew what was going on”. This theory thus attempts to soften the charge of deception associated with pseudonymity. This theory by default appears to confirm what some scholars find problematic with pseudonymity, namely the connotation of dishonesty. Furthermore, as Köstenberger (2003:4) points out, allonymity fictionalises the recipients Timothy and Titus. Köstenberger continues to criticise a theory that reverses the traditional and canonical order, when it makes 2 Timothy the primary work of Paul and the letter upon which the “allonymous” author based 1 Timothy and Titus (Köstenberger, 2003:176). PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com 21
1.1.2.4 Conclusion The various theories testify to the complexity of the issues at hand. The debate is not about liberals versus conservatives or vice versa. Reputable scholars, who honour the integrity of the Scriptures, are to be found on either side of the table. Some scholars changed their perspectives when more evidence was forthcoming or after finding a theory lacking scholarly evidence. However, what has been an unfortunate consequence of debate was the effect upon the succeeding treatment of the three letters. The essence of the individual messages of the three letters, put mildly, faded into the background, when the authenticity issue became central. The dominance of the pseudonymous position affected the subsequent treatment of these letters. They were treated as if they had nothing more to offer. Luke T. Johnson (1996:4) observes that the Pastorals all but disappeared from scholarly consideration. Johnson cites a 1989 survey of New Testament scholarship by the Society of Biblical Literature. An article entitled “Pauline Studies” contains one reference to the Pastorals mentioned in a single line with reference to their inauthenticity. Three books were honoured with only a single reference in an article purporting to treat Pauline studies! Johnson is therefore not unreasonable when he avers that the determination of authenticity or inauthenticity also affected the appreciation or depreciation of the Pastorals as Christian witnesses (Johnson, 1996:5). The relevance of this review for the topic at hand must now be considered. If the authenticity debate has negatively impacted on the entire corpus in terms of further treatment, what has been the effect on a single letter, like Titus? Initially, it was not good at all. But the tide is changing. McKnight and Osborne (2004:292) observe that the burgeoning interest in literary studies has shifted the scholarly magnifying glass from matters of authorship and is focusing it increasingly upon the text itself - “its theology, rhetoric, and reception”. Some of the developments in this regard will be discussed later. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com 22
Page 1 and 2: A TEXT-CENTRED RHETORICAL ANALYSIS
Page 3 and 4: DECLARATION I declare that the diss
Page 5 and 6: SECTION 2 RHETORICAL ANALYSIS 2.1 R
Page 7 and 8: SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 OVERVIEW
Page 9 and 10: The content of the authorship debat
Page 11 and 12: consistently identified as pioneer
Page 13 and 14: J. Quinn. Their list of scholars ad
Page 15 and 16: Uncharacteristic Pauline theology:
Page 17 and 18: etc. are not referring to actual pe
Page 19 and 20: History never lies” (Titus 1:2)?
Page 21 and 22: meaning as determined by historical
Page 23: other to explain what these critics
Page 27 and 28: Excursus: Cumulative-complimentary
Page 29 and 30: Lumping or clustering apparent oppo
Page 31 and 32: these letters on a more individual
Page 33 and 34: Furthermore, the name Jesus Christ
Page 35 and 36: C. 1. qeou` and swthvr depend on do
Page 37 and 38: accentuate the unmistakable role of
Page 39 and 40: order to prove issues of authorship
Page 41 and 42: Miller (1997:124) is particularly u
Page 43 and 44: Next, Van Neste goes on to show how
Page 45 and 46: There have been some recent excepti
Page 47 and 48: The first part of the analysis is e
Page 49 and 50: offer any translations in this rega
Page 51 and 52: novel. To the best of my knowledge,
Page 53 and 54: ather than as a supplement to the T
Page 55 and 56: Accordingly, the research hypothesi
Page 57 and 58: •Step 3: Where deemed necessary,
Page 59 and 60: The rhetorical situation correspond
Page 61 and 62: Titus' primary assignment is to app
Page 63 and 64: Throughout the letter, Paul shares
Page 65 and 66: equally negative conduct (1:16). In
Page 67 and 68: 2.2.1.1 Emphasising the legitimacy
Page 69 and 70: strategically throughout this secti
Page 71 and 72: This section is suffused with the r
Page 73 and 74: and trustworthiness. This choice of
Page 75 and 76:
“By whose authority are you imple
Page 77 and 78:
“shared knowledge”. The qualiti
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espectively within the same sentenc
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dichotomy at the front end of this
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church. Implicit contrasting is als
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aijscrokerdhv", and these false tea
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The second part of verse 13 contain
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different groups. He relentlessly p
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implicit contrasting. The negative
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marker is the use of the plural of
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instruction in this regard. “Heal
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almost desirable. Thus, legitimate
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The subject is the older women. Thi
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negatively upon the oJ lovgo" tou`
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2.2.5.6 The behaviour of slaves In
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or originating from God (tou' … q
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to God and this paves the way for t
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This explains the use of inclusive
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Furthermore, through the direct rep
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what grace is instructing the belie
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Paul demonstrates that he is himsel
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The section closes with the apostle
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Another technique is personificatio
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the apostle adopts to persuade his
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Most commentators treat ejxousivai
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person. Interestingly, both instanc
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2.2.8 Titus 3:3: Evoking disgust wi
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purpose while Mounce (2000:446) bel
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negative. Paranomasia and the metap
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conformity to the divine example. I
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as traditional, with verse 3 as an
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aptism effected by the Holy Spirit
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exclusively or that this constitute
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through self-vilification in the op
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crhstovth" and filanqrwpiva of God
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ejpoihvsamen hJmei`" (works) ajlla;
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these titles. The future appearance
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The certainty and completeness of t
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The next two words in v. 7 are exam
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their salvation by God. The divine
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discourse. In this regard, consider
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two groups is accentuated and the d
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Verse 9 opens with the adversative
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awareness of the insidiousness of f
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This is a very tight unit, carefull
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turn, requires the presence of soun
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closing greeting to the Cretans inv
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SECTION 3 CONCLUSION In Section 1,
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7: Titus 3:1-2: Persuading the Cret
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apostles and lay leaders appointed
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In unit 7 (3:1-2), the relationship
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The second objective is to highligh
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These four objectives may be summar
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expected manner can look forward to
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f. Arguments based on the use of vi
Page 185 and 186:
m. Example. For example, in 3:4-7 G
Page 187 and 188:
ehaviour expected of older men. In
Page 189 and 190:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Aageson, J. W. (1997).
Page 191 and 192:
Everts, J. M. (1993). Hope Dictiona
Page 193 and 194:
Lea, D. and H. P. Griffin (1992). 1
Page 195 and 196:
Sumney, J. L. (1996). “A Reading
Page 197 and 198:
ABSTRACT This study has been conduc
Page 199 and 200:
In Section 3 the results of the stu
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amanuensishipotese en die allonieme
Page 203 and 204:
KEY TERMS 1. Pastoral Letters 2. Rh
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A Text centred rhetorical analysis of Paul's Letter to Titus

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