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102 6.1 Gender Equality and Women’s Economic Empowerment 6.1.1 Introduction Women, men, girls, and boys experience the impacts of natural disaster and conflict in different ways. A gender-sensitive approach to livelihoods and economic recovery programming in crisis and post-crisis situations acknowledges the ways that gender influences the challenges that people face. The needs, concerns, and voices of women and girls—and those of men and boys—may not be taken into account properly unless a gender-responsive approach is applied to programme design, implementation, and monitoring. In many, but not all, respects, women and girls are disadvantaged relative to men and boys in accessing livelihood assets. Crises tend to exacerbate these disadvantages. The following are some of the challenges that commonly affect males and females in different ways: • Social and cultural norms and values may limit women’s and girls’ mobility, their access to information, and their ability to participate in society. In turn, this can limit access by these women and girls to economic opportunities and their ability to register for and benefit from programmes for social protection, rehabilitation/reintegration, and livelihoods and economic recovery. • Women tend to have lower levels of skills and formal education than men. This places these women at a disadvantage in competing for scarce employment opportunities. • Gendered divisions of labour can restrict economic opportunities. Both women and men contribute to their household and national economies in many ways, but their contributions are often not equally recognized and valued. In addition to their contributions through employment and income generation, women and girls typically contribute through unpaid household work, the care economy, and “reproductive work,” in which they reproduce and nurture the future labour force. these women and girls are often engaged in labour-intensive and time-consuming activities that are critical for their households, such as fetching fuel and water, gathering fodder for livestock, and preparing food. These responsibilities, which often increase in crisis and post-crisis situations, can leave women and girls with little time for other productive activities, including training, education, and participation in livelihood programmes. Fetching water and fuel also place these women and girls at a heightened risk of sexual and gender-based violence. • Gender role reversals, creating new opportunities and/or risks, are common in both crisis and post-crisis situations, especially when people experience displacement, family separation, or the death or injury of family members. For example, boys and men who are widowed may have to engage in household and care-giving responsibilities that are unfamiliar to them. Women and girls may also take on roles that were traditionally carried out by men before the crisis occurred. • Vulnerability to sexual and gender-based violence tends to increase dramatically for women and children in crisis and post-crisis situations. The threat of violence can prevent these women and children from participating in economic activities and in relief, rehabilitation, and livelihoods programmes. • Women are often disadvantaged in terms of land, property, and inheritance rights. When crises result in the displacement or death of male family or household members to whom land titles and property are formally ascribed, women may face Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations
103 barriers to the transference of ownership.. Women often have limited access to loans from financial institutions, in part because of their lack of ownership of assets such as land. • Recruitment into armed groups—by force or voluntarily as a means of gaining social and economic security—may take place in various ways and to a varying extent between males and females. • Displaced men and boys—and women and girls also—may be expected to send remittances to their family members even when they are themselves in dire circumstances. . UNDP has adopted a two-pronged approach to gender-responsive programming. Gender is mainstreamed in all areas of programming and a focus is placed on gender equality and women’s empowerment. This dual approach is encompassed in UNDP’s Strategic Plan for 2008-2011 and its Gender Equality Strategy for 2008-2011. Similarly, this Guide prioritizes both gender mainstreaming and specific initiatives so as to promote gender equality and women’s economic empowerment in livelihoods and economic development programming. 59 Box 6.1. International frameworks supporting gender equality and women’s empowerment in crisis situations The 1979 U.N. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) provides a comprehensive framework for rights-based action, calling for equality of outcomes rather than simply equality of opportunity. The 1995 Beijing Platform for Action provides an agenda for women’s empowerment and clear standards of action to be implemented by the U.N., states, and civil society. In 2000, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) consolidated previous global agreements and commitments into a single set of core goals and targets for achievement in 2015. One of the goals (Goal 3) is to promote gender equality and empower women. In 2000, U.N. Security Council Resolution 1325 provided additional specificity to the U.N.’s promotion of women’s empowerment, gender equality, and peace, emphasizing women’s participation in conflict prevention and resolution, peacekeeping, and peacebuilding processes as well as women’s protection in conflict zones, camps, and reintegration processes. This resolution also highlighted the need for gender-sensitive recovery mechanisms early in post-crisis situations, so that long-term recovery work becomes sustainable. The Millennium+5 Summit of 2005 reiterated the thrust of U.N. Security Council Resolution 1325. The Outcome Report of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly of September 2005 emphasizes the importance of applying a gender perspective when addressing issues of violence and conflict. The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters provides a tool for integrating a gender perspective into disaster-risk management, including risk assessments and early warning mechanisms. U.N. Security Council Resolution 1820 of 2008 demands that all parties to armed conflict cease all acts of sexual violence against civilians and take appropriate measures to protect civilians, including women and girls, from all forms of sexual violence. 6.1.2 Gender-responsive programming Attention to issues of gender equality and women’s economic empowerment is essential in all stages of programming for livelihoods and economic recovery. This section addresses gender considerations in +the assessment process and the design and implementation of interventions. This section then discusses approaches to promoting women’s economic empowerment and addressing the security issues that women and children face. Finally, an overview of partnerships for gender responsiveness in livelihoods and economic recovery is provided. 59 In 2006, UNDP endorsed an Eight-Point Agenda for Women’s Empowerment and Gender Equality in Crisis Prevention and Recovery, which provides a blueprint for gender-responsive action and advocacy in crisis and post-crisis situations. Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Crisis Situations
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UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMM
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UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMM
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ii Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 READ
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iv Table of Contents BOXES 1.1 Area
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Kenyan Women Selling Products (Phot
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2 1.1 About this Guide 1.1.1 What t
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4 and local economies—contribute
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6 UNDP’s experience has shown tha
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8 1.3.2 Three-track approach to pro
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10 equality and women’s empowerme
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Community Meeting with Future Strat
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14 2.1 What information does a live
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16 Markets for goods and services
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18 tensions, access to resources an
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20 A livelihoods and economic recov
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22 face. Communities can agree with
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Crop Production for food security (
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26 3.1 Emergency employment creatio
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28 Figure 3.1 Flow chart for choosi
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30 The implementing partner recruit
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32 Figure 3.2(a) Matrix for calcula
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34 groups and local authorities agr
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36 Emergency employment projects pr
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38 References and suggested further
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40 big risks (reputational and secu
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42 cially important when a financia
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44 whose enterprises are to be supp
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46 monitoring the number of enterpr
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48 References and suggested further
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50 Assessment reports, where these
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Page 64 and 65: 54 tion and transportation infrastr
Page 66 and 67: 56 References and suggested further
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Page 70 and 71: 60 4.1 VOCATIONAL AND SKILLS TRAINI
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Page 78 and 79: 68 4.2 INCLUSIVE private sector dev
Page 80 and 81: 70 grant sources. UNCDF and UNDP ha
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Page 84 and 85: 74 into a “fund for inclusive fin
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Page 90 and 91: 80 4.3 conditional cash transfers C
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Page 100 and 101: 90 terms of foreign exchange; at th
Page 102 and 103: 92 government officials. Such decis
Page 104 and 105: 94 • Support to national justice
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Page 108 and 109: 98 • Strengthening the capacity o
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Page 114 and 115: 104 Gender and the assessment proce
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Page 122 and 123: 112 Box 6.3. Kenya National Youth T
Page 124 and 125: 114 6.3.2 Programming livelihoods f
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Page 128 and 129: 118 in ways that do no harm—bears
Page 130 and 131: Ex-Combatant running a successful r
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Page 142 and 143: 132 For outputs, including both pro
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Page 152 and 153: 142 Inclusive economic growth aims
Page 154 and 155: 144 Payments for ecosystem services
Page 156 and 157: 146 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The developmen
Page 158 and 159: 148 • Inclusive Economic Growth a
Page 160 and 161: 150 York; Casper Sonesson, Policy A
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152 DAC DCED DDR DEX DFID DIM DPA D
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154 POSC PPP PRA PRS PRSP PSD PSD P
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156 ANNEX: Discussion Papers on Liv
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Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in
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